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Venting Out: Exports during a Domestic Slump

By Miguel Almunia, Pol Antràs, David Lopez-Rodriguez, and Eduardo Morales

American Economic Review, November 2021

We study the relationship between domestic-demand shocks and exports using data for Spanish manufacturing firms in 2002–2013. Exploiting plausibly exogenous geographical variation caused by the Great Recession, we find that firms whose domestic sales de...

The Causal Interpretation of Two-Stage Least Squares with Multiple Instrumental Variables

By Magne Mogstad, Alexander Torgovitsky, and Christopher R. Walters

American Economic Review, November 2021

Empirical researchers often combine multiple instrumental variables (IVs) for a single treatment using two-stage least squares (2SLS). When treatment effects are heterogeneous, a common justification for including multiple IVs is that the 2SLS estimand ...