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The Long-Run Impacts of Special Education

By Briana Ballis and Katelyn Heath

American Economic Journal: Economic Policy, November 2021

Over 13 percent of US students participate in special education (SE) programs annually, at a cost of $40 billion. However, due to selection issues the effect of SE placements remains unclear. This paper uses administrative data from Texas to examine the l...

Synthetic Difference-in-Differences

By Dmitry Arkhangelsky, Susan Athey, David A. Hirshberg, Guido W. Imbens, and Stefan Wager

American Economic Review, December 2021

We present a new estimator for causal effects with panel data that builds on insights behind the widely used difference-in-differences and synthetic control methods. Relative to these methods we find, both theoretically and empirically, that this "synthet...