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The Long-Run Impacts of Special Education

By Briana Ballis and Katelyn Heath

American Economic Journal: Economic Policy, November 2021

Over 13 percent of US students participate in special education (SE) programs annually, at a cost of $40 billion. However, due to selection issues the effect of SE placements remains unclear. This paper uses administrative data from Texas to examine the l...

Synthetic Difference-in-Differences

By Dmitry Arkhangelsky, Susan Athey, David A. Hirshberg, Guido W. Imbens, and Stefan Wager

American Economic Review, December 2021

We present a new estimator for causal effects with panel data that builds on insights behind the widely used difference-in-differences and synthetic control methods. Relative to these methods we find, both theoretically and empirically, that this "synthet...

Product Innovation, Product Diversification, and Firm Growth: Evidence from Japan's Early Industrialization

By Serguey Braguinsky, Atsushi Ohyama, Tetsuji Okazaki, and Chad Syverson

American Economic Review, December 2021

We explore how firms grow by adding products. We leverage detailed data from Japan's cotton spinning industry at the turn of the last century to do so. This setting allows us to fully characterize the type of differentiation (vertical or horizontal) of ...