AI and Women's Employment in Europe

By Stefania Albanesi, António Dias da Silva, Juan F. Jimeno, Ana Lamo, and Alena Wabitsch

AEA Papers and Proceedings, May 2025

We examine the link between the diffusion of artificial intelligence (AI)-enabled technologies and changes in the female employment share in 16 European countries over the period 2011–2019. Using data for occupations at the three-digit level, we find th...

Extending "GPTs Are GPTs" to Firms

By Benjamin Labaschin, Tyna Eloundou, Sam Manning, Pamela Mishkin, and Daniel Rock

AEA Papers and Proceedings, May 2025

We extend Eloundou et al. (2024) to build firm-level measures of exposure to large language models (LLMs) with data from two sources: Eloundou et al. (2024) for occupation-level measures of LLM exposure and Revelio Labs for firm-level employee counts by o...

A Gender Lens on Labor Market Exposure to AI

By Mauro Cazzaniga, Augustus Panton, Longji Li, Carlo Pizzinelli, and Marina M. Tavares

AEA Papers and Proceedings, May 2025

The rise of AI may profoundly impact labor markets, as AI tools could perform numerous cognitive tasks traditionally in the human domain. This paper examines the gendered effects of AI adoption across six economies of varying income levels. In most countr...

How Different Uses of AI Shape Labor Demand: Evidence from France

By Philippe Aghion, Simon Bunel, Xavier Jaravel, Thomas Mikaelsen, Alexandra Roulet, and Jakob Søgaard

AEA Papers and Proceedings, May 2025

Using French firm-level data on AI adoption from 2017–2020, we find that, first, firms adopting AI are larger and more productive and skill intensive. Second, difference-in-difference estimates reveal an increase in firm-level employment and sales after...

Anonymous Attention and Abuse

By Florian Ederer, Paul Goldsmith-Pinkham, and Kyle Jensen

AEA Papers and Proceedings, May 2025

We analyze the content of the anonymous online discussion forum Economics Job Market Rumors (EJMR) and document its evolving interactions with external information sources. We focus on three key aspects: the prevalence and impact of links to external doma...

Same as It Ever Was: Gender, Race, and Ethnicity Differences in Promotion for Academic Economists

By Donna K. Ginther, Shulamit Kahn, and Daria Milakhina

AEA Papers and Proceedings, May 2025

Using 2009–2022 data from Academic Analytics linked to publications and multiple race-identification approaches, we examine gender and racial/ethnicity differentials in economists' promotion in economics and noneconomics departments. Results are mixed. ...

How Does the Intersection of Sex and Nonbinary Gender Identity Affect Hiring Discrimination? Evidence from a Correspondence Field Experiment

By Taryn Eames

AEA Papers and Proceedings, May 2025

This study examines the intersection of sex and nonbinary gender identity in hiring discrimination using a resume audit study, where sex was signaled via first name and nonbinary identity via "they/them" pronoun disclosure. Results show male and female no...

The Economic Impact of Discriminatory Policies: Insights from Same-Sex Marriage Bans

By Lei Gao, Steve Liu, and Ying Wang

AEA Papers and Proceedings, May 2025

This study examines the unintended economic costs, with significant fiscal implications, associated with discriminatory policies, focusing specifically on same-sex marriage bans in the United States. Drawing on a body of empirical studies, we show that th...

The End of an Impossible Choice: Removing Infertility as a Prerequisite for Legal Gender Recognition

By Ylva Moberg, Rinni Norlinder, J. Lucas Tilley, and Emma von Essen

AEA Papers and Proceedings, May 2025

Until 2013, transgender people in Sweden were required to undergo sterilization surgery and destroy stored reproductive cells before changing their legal gender marker, rendering them permanently infertile. Using population-wide administrative data, we do...

The Test-Optional Puzzle

By Wouter Dessein, Alex Frankel, and Navin Kartik

AEA Papers and Proceedings, May 2025

US colleges often justify test-optional admissions policies as promoting diversity by reducing their reliance on standardized test scores. But a college that mandates test scores can decide how to use those scores. Wouldn't more information allow a colleg...

Standardized Test Scores and Academic Performance at Ivy Plus Colleges

By John N. Friedman, Bruce Sacerdote, Douglas O. Staiger, and Michele Tine

AEA Papers and Proceedings, May 2025

We analyze admissions and transcript records for students at multiple Ivy Plus colleges to study the relationship between standardized (SAT/ACT) test scores, high school GPA, and first-year college grades. Standardized test scores predict academic outcome...

Examining Key Impacts of the Test-Optional Movement for Early Adopters

By Brianna Felegi

AEA Papers and Proceedings, May 2025

By 2019, about 250 postsecondary institutions adopted a test-optional policy. This paper uses a difference-in-difference design to examine the impact of this reform on schools that switched policies between 2006 and 2014. I find that adopting a test-optio...

Financial Spillover Effects from Electronic Government Transfers: Evidence from an At-Scale Experiment in Indonesia

By Abhijit Banerjee, Rema Hanna, Benjamin A. Olken, Elan Satriawan, and Sudarno Sumarto

AEA Papers and Proceedings, May 2025

In 2018, Indonesia launched a new electronic voucher system for distribution of food subsidies in randomly selected districts. Banks were assigned the goal of operating at least two remote banking agents in each village in selected districts. We find that...

Access to Justice and Social Protection

By Diogo Britto, Lorenzo Germinetti, François Gerard, Joana Naritomi, and Breno Sampaio

AEA Papers and Proceedings, May 2025

Governments in developing countries are expanding social protection policies, yet coverage remains imperfect. This paper explores how the justice system influences coverage and the consequences of unequal access to justice for targeting. Using administrat...

Heterogeneity in Effects of Poverty-Alleviating Interventions

By Robert Garlick ⓡ John Walker ⓡ Kate Orkin

AEA Papers and Proceedings, May 2025

To what extent are poverty-alleviating interventions general tools? We revisit a 415-village cluster-randomized field experiment involving 8,300 women living in poverty in rural Kenya. We estimate the extent of heterogeneity in a cash transfer interventio...

Targeted Treatment Assignment Using Data from Randomized Experiments with Noncompliance

By Susan Athey, Kosuke Inoue, and Yusuke Tsugawa

AEA Papers and Proceedings, May 2025

This paper considers randomized experiments with noncompliance where individuals in the treatment group become eligible for a treatment but some do not receive it. We study the estimation and evaluation of treatment assignment policies targeted to individ...

Instrumental Variables Methods Reveal Larger Effects of Menopausal Hormone Therapy in the Landmark Women's Health Initiative Clinical Trial

By Joshua Angrist, Amanda E. Kowalski, Ljubica Ristovska, and Marcia L. Stefanick

AEA Papers and Proceedings, May 2025

Landmark results from the Women's Health Initiative trial showed that random assignment to menopausal hormone therapy (MHT) elevated risks of breast cancer and other adverse events. Recent analyses argue that MHT risks are small. These analyses report int...

Mean Reversion in Randomized Controlled Trials: Implications for Program Targeting and Heterogeneous Treatment Effects

By Marcella Alsan, John Cawley, Joseph J. Doyle, and Nicholas Skelley

AEA Papers and Proceedings, May 2025

Eligibility criteria for interventions can induce an Ashenfelter Dip, and subsequent mean reversion results in improvement over time even absent the intervention. We investigate these dynamics for a food-as-medicine program to treat diabetes, where eligib...

Historical Differences in Female-Owned Manufacturing Establishments: The United States, 1850–1880

By Ruveyda Gozen, Richard Hornbeck, Anders Humlum, and Martin Rotemberg

AEA Papers and Proceedings, May 2025

We characterize female-owned manufacturing establishments using digitized manuscripts from the US Census of Manufactures (1850, 1860, 1870, 1880). Female-owned establishments were smaller than male-owned establishments and had lower capital-to-output rati...

Silent Partners: Corporate Ownership, Risk, and the Gender Asset Gap in Antebellum New England

By B. Zorina Khan

AEA Papers and Proceedings, May 2025

Little is known about corporate ownership, personal wealth, and the composition of investment portfolios by gender during early US industrialization. A sample of 42,500 shareholders in over 200 corporations highlights women's increasing contributions to c...