Journal of Economic Literature
ISSN 0022-0515 (Print) | ISSN 2328-8175 (Online)
Economic Incentives and Social Preferences: Substitutes or Complements?
Journal of Economic Literature
vol. 50,
no. 2, June 2012
(pp. 368–425)
Abstract
Explicit economic incentives designed to increase contributions to public goods and to promote other pro-social behavior sometimes are counterproductive or less effective than would be predicted among entirely self-interested individuals. This may occur when incentives adversely affect individuals' altruism, ethical norms, intrinsic motives to serve the public, and other social preferences. The opposite also occurs—crowding in—though it appears less commonly. In the fifty experiments that we survey, these effects are common, so that incentives and social preferences may be either substitutes (crowding out) or complements (crowding in). We provide evidence for four mechanisms that may account for these incentive effects on preferences: namely that incentives may (i) provide information about the person who implemented the incentive, (ii) frame the decision situation so as to suggest appropriate behavior, (iii) compromise a control averse individual's sense of autonomy, and (iv) affect the process by which people learn new preferences. An implication is that the evaluation of public policy must be restricted to allocations that are supportable as Nash equilibria when account is taken of these crowding effects. We show that well designed fines, subsidies, and the like minimize crowding out and may even do the opposite, making incentives and social preferences complements rather than substitutes. (JEL D02, D03, D04, D83, E61, H41, Z13)Citation
Bowles, Samuel, and Sandra Polania-Reyes. 2012. "Economic Incentives and Social Preferences: Substitutes or Complements?" Journal of Economic Literature 50 (2): 368–425. DOI: 10.1257/jel.50.2.368JEL Classification
- D02 Institutions: Design, Formation, and Operations
- D91 Micro-Based Behavioral Economics: Role and Effects of Psychological, Emotional, Social, and Cognitive Factors on Decision Making
- D04 Microeconomic Policy: Formulation; Implementation; Evaluation
- D83 Search; Learning; Information and Knowledge; Communication; Belief
- E61 Policy Objectives; Policy Designs and Consistency; Policy Coordination
- H41 Public Goods
- Z13 Economic Sociology; Economic Anthropology; Social and Economic Stratification