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Unofficial non-tariff barriers were responsible for 50% of the reduction in Chinese imports from the U.S. during the 2018-2019 trade war. We infer NTBs from the change in imports of U.S. products relative to imports from other countries of the same HS6 product, after controlling for the change in the relative price of U.S. imports. NTBs were imposed on a small number of agricultural products, did not apply to state-owned importers, and larger for products with a high share of state importers. NTBs are more costly compared to tariffs because they only apply to some importers do not generate revenues.
