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  5. Health and Sociocultural Disparities by Sex Characteristics in Chile

AEA Papers and Proceedings

ISSN 2574-0768 (Print) | ISSN 2574-0776 (Online)

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Health and Sociocultural Disparities by Sex Characteristics in Chile

  • Ercio Muñoz
  • Melanie Saavedra
  • Dario Sansone
AEA Papers and Proceedings
vol. 116, May 2026
(pp. 589–593)
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Abstract

This study provides evidence on health and sociocultural disparities by sex characteristics using data from the 2022–2023 Chilean National Health, Sexuality, and Gender Survey, one of the first nationally representative surveys in the world to include self-identified intersex status. Intersex individuals report significantly higher rates of sexual abuse, anxiety, and suicidal ideation compared to endosex peers. Access to private health insurance is also significantly lower among intersex individuals. These disparities persist after adjusting for sexual orientation, gender identity, and sociodemographic factors. On the other hand, there are fewer differences by sex characteristics in religiosity and political affiliation.

Citation

Muñoz, Ercio, Melanie Saavedra, and Dario Sansone. 2026. "Health and Sociocultural Disparities by Sex Characteristics in Chile." AEA Papers and Proceedings 116: 589–593. DOI: 10.1257/pandp.20261055

Additional Materials

JEL Classification

  • I12 Health Behavior
  • I14 Health and Inequality
  • J16 Economics of Gender; Non-labor Discrimination
  • O15 Economic Development: Human Resources; Human Development; Income Distribution; Migration
  • Z13 Economic Sociology; Economic Anthropology; Language; Social and Economic Stratification