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Abstracts are included below the table of contents. |
Table of Contents
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Articles
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| 1. |
Eliminating Fares to Expand Opportunities: Experimental Evidence on the Impacts of Free Public Transportation on Economic and Social Disparities |
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Rebecca Brough, Matthew Freedman, and David C. Phillips |
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Full-Text PDF | Additional Information |
| 3. |
Communication Barriers and Infant Health: The Intergenerational Effect of Randomly Allocating Refugees across Language Regions |
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Daniel Auer and Johannes S. Kunz |
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Full-Text PDF | Additional Information |
| 4. |
Transmitting Rights: Effective Cooperation, Inter-gender Contact, and Student Achievement |
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Sultan Mehmood, Shaheen Naseer, and Daniel L. Chen |
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Full-Text PDF | Additional Information |
| 9. |
Closing the Gender Gap in Patenting: Evidence from a Randomized Control Trial at the USPTO |
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Nicholas A. Pairolero, Andrew A. Toole, Peter-Anthony Pappas, Charles A. W. de Grazia, and Mike H. M. Teodorescu |
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Full-Text PDF | Additional Information |
| 11. |
Does the "Boost for Mathematics" Boost Mathematics? A Large-Scale Evaluation of the "Lesson Study" Methodology on Student Performance |
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Erik Grönqvist, Björn Öckert, and Olof Rosenqvist |
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Full-Text PDF | Additional Information |
| 12. |
Should College Be "Free"? Evidence on Free College, Early Commitment, and Merit Aid from an Eight-Year Randomized Trial |
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Douglas N. Harris and Jonathan Mills |
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Full-Text PDF | Additional Information |
| 16. |
The Making of Civic Virtues: A School-Based Experiment in Three Countries |
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Simon Briole, Marc Gurgand, Éric Maurin, Sandra McNally, Jenifer Ruiz-Valenzuela, and Daniel Santín |
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Full-Text PDF | Additional Information |
Abstracts of Articles
| 2. |
The Long-Run Effects of Peer Gender on Occupational Sorting and the Wage Gap |
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Demid Getik and Armando N. Meier |
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We study the impact of the early gender environment on inequality in the labor market. To this end, we link primary school data to occupations and earnings. We find that women exposed to more girls at critical ages earn more later on: A 10 percent increase in the share of girls leads to a gender wage gap reduction of 2.7 percent. We explore mechanisms and find a strong selection of women into less gender-stereotypical educational tracks and occupations, leading to higher earnings. The gender environment at an early age, therefore, leads to persistent changes in career trajectories and earnings. |
| 3. |
Communication Barriers and Infant Health: The Intergenerational Effect of Randomly Allocating Refugees across Language Regions |
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Daniel Auer and Johannes S. Kunz |
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This paper investigates the intergenerational effect of communication barriers on child health at birth. We study refugees in Switzerland who come from French- or Italian-speaking countries and who, upon arrival, are randomly allocated to different cantons in which either German, French, or Italian is the dominant language. Children born to mothers who were exogenously allocated to a region whose dominant language matches their origin language are, on average, 72 grams (or 2.2 percent) heavier. Further analyses suggest that this effect is likely driven by information about health-related behavior and services. Coethnic networks, however, can partly compensate for communication barriers. |
| 4. |
Transmitting Rights: Effective Cooperation, Inter-gender Contact, and Student Achievement |
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Sultan Mehmood, Shaheen Naseer, and Daniel L. Chen |
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We provide experimental evidence of teacher-to-student transmission of gender attitudes in Pakistan. We randomly show teachers a pro-women's rights visual narrative. Treated teachers increase their and students' support for women's rights, unbiasedness in gender implicit association tests (IATs), and willingness to petition parliament for greater gender equality. Students improve coordination and cooperation with the opposite gender. Effects are larger when teachers teach a gender-rights curriculum. Mathematics achievement increases for classrooms assigned to form mixed-gender study groups treated with an intense program (visual narrative and curriculum), while absent in same-sex study groups. Gender attitudes are transmissible and cooperation improves student outcomes. |
| 5. |
Fiscal Rules and the Selection of Politicians: Theory and Evidence from Italy |
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Matteo Gamalerio and Federico Trombetta |
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Fiscal rules, or constraints on the policymaking discretion of elected officials, are widely used to regulate fiscal policies. Using data on Italian municipalities, we employ a difference-in-discontinuity design to provide evidence of the negative effect of fiscal rules on mayoral candidates' education. Municipalities in which fiscal rules meaningfully restrict the action space of politicians drive the effect. These results are consistent with a formal model of fiscal rules and political selection. We highlight that reducing discretion may affect the composition of the pool of players: It may alleviate pork barrel spending but also negatively affect the education of politicians. |
| 6. |
Reconstruction-Era Education and Long-Run Black-White Inequality |
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Daniel B. Jones and Ethan Schmick |
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The Reconstruction era of American history (c. 1866–1877) saw widespread efforts to educate recently freed people—efforts that were partially curtailed after Reconstruction. This paper examines the impact of childhood exposure to educational opportunity during Reconstruction on later-life outcomes for recently freed people. Using data on the number of teachers in Black schools and a linked census sample, we find that Black children exposed to greater educational opportunity during Reconstruction had improved occupational standing as adults. Their sons also experienced gains, suggesting that Reconstruction-era educational efforts, had they persisted, would have impacted Black-White gaps into the twentieth century. |
| 7. |
HBCU Enrollment and Longer-Term Outcomes |
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Ashley Edwards, Justin Ortagus, Jonathan Smith, and Andria Smythe |
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Using data from nearly 1.2 million Black SAT takers, we find that students initially enrolling in a historically Black college and university (HBCU) are 14.6 percentage points more likely to earn a bachelor's degree and, around age 30, have 5 percent higher household income and $12,000 more in student loan balances than those who do not enroll in an HBCU. We find that results are largely driven by an increased likelihood of completing a degree from relatively broad-access HBCUs in lieu of a two-year college or no college. |
| 8. |
Routine-Biased Technological Change and Endogenous Skill Investments |
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Danyelle Branco, Bladimir Carrillo, and Wilman Iglesias |
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We investigate how individuals alter their educational investments in response to routine-biased technology. We find that individuals growing up in robot-impacted areas are more likely to complete a bachelor's degree and experience a relative increase in earnings. Changes in the skill premium and opportunity cost appear to drive these effects. To interpret these findings, we estimate a model of endogenous skill acquisition where changes in the demand and supply of skills shape the path of earnings. Counterfactual simulations suggest that the endogenous skill response cannot fully undo the adverse earnings effects of automation unless there are sufficiently generous educational subsidies. |
| 9. |
Closing the Gender Gap in Patenting: Evidence from a Randomized Control Trial at the USPTO |
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Nicholas A. Pairolero, Andrew A. Toole, Peter-Anthony Pappas, Charles A. W. de Grazia, and Mike H. M. Teodorescu |
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Analyzing a randomized control trial at the United States Patent and Trademark Office that was designed to provide additional help to applicants who do not have legal representation, we find heterogeneous causal impacts across inventor gender, driven primarily by an increase in successful negotiations by women inventor teams via the use of examiner's amendments. While both men and women applicants benefited, the probability of obtaining a patent was over 12 percentage points greater for women. Our results suggest that a portion of the gender gap in patenting could be eliminated through additional assistance during patent examination. |
| 10. |
International Transmission of Inequality through Trade |
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Sergey Nigai |
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I examine the international transmission of income inequality through trade. Using firm-level and aggregate data, I find that exporting to more unequal countries increases domestic inequality. I rationalize this finding by developing a model of international consumer targeting in which firms serve specific consumer segments in each market. Inequality in export markets shapes the distribution of firms' profits and, therefore, the incomes of individuals linked to them, widening domestic inequality. The calibrated model suggests that international inequality transmission explains 4.4 percent and 4.8 percent of the observed levels of Gini coefficients and income shares of the top 1 percent, respectively. |
| 11. |
Does the "Boost for Mathematics" Boost Mathematics? A Large-Scale Evaluation of the "Lesson Study" Methodology on Student Performance |
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Erik Grönqvist, Björn Öckert, and Olof Rosenqvist |
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Students in East Asian countries dominate international assessments. One possible explanation for their success is the use of "Lesson study" to enhance teaching practices; a collaborative process where teachers plan, observe, and analyze a lesson together. We evaluate a national teacher development program in Sweden—"Boost for Mathematics"—containing core elements of Lesson study. Exploiting the gradual rollout of the program across compulsory schools, we find that it improves teaching practices and boosts students' mathematics performance. The positive effect on student performance persists also long after the intervention has ended. The program also passes a cost-benefit test. |
| 12. |
Should College Be "Free"? Evidence on Free College, Early Commitment, and Merit Aid from an Eight-Year Randomized Trial |
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Douglas N. Harris and Jonathan Mills |
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We provide evidence on the effects of college financial aid from an eight-year randomized trial offering ninth graders a $12,000 merit-based grant. The program was designed to be free of tuition/fees at community colleges and substantially lower the cost of four-year colleges. During high school, eligibility for the grant increased students' expectations of college attendance and low-cost college preparation effort, but not higher-cost effort. The program may have increased graduation from two-year colleges but did not affect overall college entry, graduation, employment, incarceration, or teen pregnancy. Additional analysis helps explain these modest effects and variation in results across prior studies. |
| 13. |
Terrorism and Voting: The Rise of Right-Wing Populism in Germany |
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Navid Sabet, Marius Liebald, and Guido Friebel |
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We document that right-wing terrorism leads to significant increases in vote share for the right-wing, populist AfD (Alternative fur Deutschland) party in Germany. To identify causal effects, we exploit quasi-random variation between successful and failed attacks across municipalities. Using the SOEP, a longitudinal panel of individuals, we find successful terror leads individuals to prefer the AfD and worry about migration. Political parties—the AfD in particular—adjust their messaging in election manifestos in response to terror. Overall, and in contrast to previous work, we find terrorism is consequential to the rise of right-wing populism in a Western, multiparty democratic system. |
| 14. |
Pandering in the Shadows: How Natural Disasters Affect Special Interest Politics |
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Ethan Kaplan, Jörg L. Spenkuch, and Haishan Yuan |
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We exploit the quasi-random timing of natural disasters to study the connection between public attention to politics and legislators' support for special interests. We show that when a disaster strikes, the news media reduce coverage of politics in general and of individual legislators in particular, and members of the House of Representatives become significantly more likely to adopt special interest donors' positions. The evidence implies that politicians are more inclined to take actions benefiting special interests when the public is distracted. More broadly, our findings suggest that attention to politics improves electoral accountability even in an environment with stringent transparency requirements. |
| 15. |
Healthy at Work? Evidence from a Social Experimental Evaluation of a Firm-Based Wellness Program |
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Marianne Simonsen and Lars Skipper |
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We employ a large social experiment combined with register-based data, allowing for up to 12-year follow-up to evaluate a long-lasting employer-sponsored health and well-being program. We show that employees at treated worksites receive fewer consultations from their primary care physician and purchase fewer prescription drugs. These effects persist up to seven years after randomization, though with some fade-out. We find no effects on overall hospitalizations in either the short or longer run, and the program was not successful in improving labor-related outcomes such as absence and turnover. Finally, we show some evidence of spillovers within the family. |
| 16. |
The Making of Civic Virtues: A School-Based Experiment in Three Countries |
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Simon Briole, Marc Gurgand, Éric Maurin, Sandra McNally, Jenifer Ruiz-Valenzuela, and Daniel Santín |
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This paper shows that schools can foster the transmission of civic virtues by helping students to develop concrete, democratically chosen, collective projects. We draw on an RCT implemented in 200 middle schools in three countries. The program leads students to conduct citizenship projects in their communities under the supervision of teachers trained in the intervention. The intervention caused a decline in absenteeism and disciplinary sanctions at school, alongside improved academic achievement. It also led students to diversify their friendship network. The program has stronger effects when implemented by teachers who are initially more involved in the life of the school. |
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