Extreme Inequality: Evidence from Brazil, India, the Middle East, and South Africa
- (pp. 119-23)
Abstract
This paper presents new findings about inequality dynamics in Brazil, India, the Middle East, and South Africa from the World Inequality Database (WID.world). We combine tax data, household surveys, and national accounts in a systematic manner to produce estimates of the distribution of income, using concepts coherent with macroeconomic national accounts. We document an extreme level of inequality in these regions, with top 10 percent income shares above 50 percent of national income. These societies are characterized by a dual social structure, with an extremely rich group at the top, whose income levels are broadly comparable to their counterparts in high-income countries, and a much poorer mass of the population below top groups. We discuss the diversity of regional contexts and highlight two explanations for the levels observed: the historical legacy of social segregation and modern economic institutions and policies.Citation
Assouad, Lydia, Lucas Chancel, and Marc Morgan. 2018. "Extreme Inequality: Evidence from Brazil, India, the Middle East, and South Africa." AEA Papers and Proceedings, 108: 119-23. DOI: 10.1257/pandp.20181076Additional Materials
JEL Classification
- D31 Personal Income, Wealth, and Their Distributions
- D63 Equity, Justice, Inequality, and Other Normative Criteria and Measurement
- O15 Economic Development: Human Resources; Human Development; Income Distribution; Migration
- O17 Formal and Informal Sectors; Shadow Economy; Institutional Arrangements
- O43 Institutions and Growth
- Z13 Economic Sociology; Economic Anthropology; Language; Social and Economic Stratification