Are Price-Cost Markups Rising in the United States? A Discussion of the Evidence
Journal of Economic Perspectives
vol. 33,
no. 3, Summer 2019
(pp. 3-22)
(Complimentary)
Abstract
A number of recent papers have argued that US firms exert increasing market power, as measured by their markups of price over marginal cost. I review three of the main approaches to estimating economy-wide markups and show that all are based on the hypothesis of firm cost minimization. Yet different assumptions and methods of implementation lead to quite different conclusions regarding the levels and trends of markups. I survey the literature critically and argue that some of the startling findings of steeply rising markups are difficult to reconcile with other evidence and with aggregate data. Existing methods cannot determine whether markups have been stable or whether they have risen modestly over the past several decades. Even relatively small increases in markups are consistent with significant changes in aggregate outcomes, such as the observed decline in labor's share of national income.Citation
Basu, Susanto. 2019. "Are Price-Cost Markups Rising in the United States? A Discussion of the Evidence." Journal of Economic Perspectives, 33 (3): 3-22. DOI: 10.1257/jep.33.3.3Additional Materials
JEL Classification
- D22 Firm Behavior: Empirical Analysis
- D24 Production; Cost; Capital; Capital, Total Factor, and Multifactor Productivity; Capacity
- D43 Market Structure, Pricing, and Design: Oligopoly and Other Forms of Market Imperfection
- E25 Aggregate Factor Income Distribution
- L13 Oligopoly and Other Imperfect Markets
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