K Krishna - Journal of International Economics, 1989 - Elsevier
Abstract The effect of quantitative restrictions in oligopolistic markets is shown to depend on
whether imports are substitutes or complements for domestic products. In the former case,
they have profound effects even when set at free trade levels because they impede the ...
K Krishna… - 1995 - nber.org
This paper focuses on the effects of rules of origin in Free Trade Areas. We first point out that
even rules of origin which are not restrictive, namely those which do not raise costs of
production, have very pronounced effects on trade and investment flows. We then look at ...
K Krishna - 1988 - nber.org
This paper analyzes some aspects of the effects of trade restrictions (such as tariffs, quotas
and quality controls) and their desirability when the quantity of the imported good is
endogenous, and the foreign producer is a monopolist. It uses a fairly general model ...
K Krishna - The American Economic Review, 1993 - JSTOR
It is shown that the standard arguments for a monopoly to persist break down when many
units of capacity become available sequentially. The reason is that deterring entry at one
stage affects the cost of doing so in later stages. This force can be so powerful that entry is ...
J Ju… - 1998 - nber.org
We develop a model to study the behavior of firms in a Free Trade Area with Rules of Origin
and the consequences of this behavior on the market equilibrium and outcome. We show
that firms will choose to specialize, and that an FTA with strict ROOs on the intermediate ...
K Krishna… - 1988 - nber.org
In oligopolistic situations content protection can have unexpected effects as it changes the
nature of interactions between input suppliers. With a duoply, it does so in a manner that
makes the foreign firm wish to match price increases and decreases of the domestic firm. ...
A Caplin… - Language, 1988 - s-space.snu.ac.kr
Abstract The Most-Favored-Nation Clause (MFNC) has a long history in trade agreements.
According to a country most favored nation treatment consists of offering the country a tariff
rate at least as low as that offered to any other country on the same commodity. As early ...
K Krishna… - Journal of International Economics, 1991 - Elsevier
Abstract This paper analyzes the jointly optimal levels of a variety of policy instruments when
markets are imperfectly competitive. A targeting principle to identify optimal policies under
imperfect competition is derived using the concept of a 'strategic distortion'. This allows us ...
K Krishna… - 1998 - books.google.com
The Multi-Fibre Arrangement (MFA) is among the most important nontariff trade barriers
facing developing countries today. Originating more than twenty years ago, it uses product-
specific quotas intended to encourage the expansion of trade, reduce barriers, and further ...
S Imai… - International Economic Review, 2004 - Wiley Online Library
Using maximum likelihood techniques and monthly panel data we solve and estimate an
explicitly dynamic model of criminal behavior where current criminal activity impacts future
labor market outcomes. We show that the threat of future adverse effects in the labor ...
K Krishna, R Erzan… - 1991 - nber.org
Available estimates of tariff equivalents of quotas and welfare calculations on the costs of
MFA quotas for developing countries are based on the premise of perfect competition in both
product and license markets. It is also assumed that the exporting countries which ...
K Krishna, A Ozyildirim… - 1998 - nber.org
This paper looks at the patterns of causation between income, export, import, and
investment growth for 25 developing countries. Our approach differs from previous efforts in
a number of ways. First, we examine each country individually in order to allow for ...
K Krishna - 1991 - nber.org
This paper examines the effects of auctioning quota licenses when monopoly power exists.
With a foreign monopoly and domestic competition the sales of licenses will raise any
revenue if domestic and foreign markets are segmented. More surprisingly, the inability to ...
S Demidova, HL Kee… - Journal of International Economics, 2012 - Elsevier
Abstract This paper provides a new heterogeneous firm model for trade where firms differ in
their productivity and experience different market demand shocks. The model incorporates
the variations in trade policy, trade preferences, and the rules of origin needed to obtain ...
K Krishna - International Economic Review, 1990 - JSTOR
The product-line decision of a monopolist is analyzed and used to study the effect of specific
and ad valorem taxes on the entire product line. While specific taxes (or quotas) raise
average quality, ad valorem taxes may not. The welfare consequences of such policies ...
K Krishna, K Hogan… - 1994 - nber.org
A central theme of recent work on trade policy for imperfectly competitive markets has been
that by precommitting to tariffs or subsidies, governments can affect firms' strategic positions,
thereby shifting profits toward domestic firms.'Eaton and Grossman (1986) show, however, ...
J Ju… - 1996 - nber.org
The market access and welfare effects of Free Trade Areas (FTAs) without Rules of Origin
(ROOs) are studied. We consider both the final and intermediate goods markets and their
interlinkage. The FTA weakly reduces all tariffs and prices within the FTA. This raises ...
K Krishna - 1990 - nber.org
In most of the literature on auctions the valuations of agents are exogenously specified. This
assumption may be inappropriate in a number of cases where valuations are better derived
endogenously. Endogenous valuations are appropriate when there are many units being ...
HL Kee… - 2007 - nber.org
This paper looks at the predictions of a standard heterogeneous firm model regarding the
exports of firms across markets in response to a particular trade policy" experiment" and
compares these predictions to the data. A unique feature of our data is that it has ...
K Krishna… - Economic Theory, 2002 - Springer
Summary. This paper studies the allocation and rent distribution in multi-unit, combinatorial-
bid auctions under complete information. We focus on the natural multi-unit analogue of the
first-price auction, where buyers bid total payments, pay their bids, and where the seller ...
S Imai… - 2001 - nber.org
Using monthly panel data we solve and estimate, using maximum likelihood techniques, an
explicitly dynamic model of criminal behavior where current criminal activity adversely
affects future employment outcomes. This acts as' dynamic deterrence'to crime: the threat ...
J Ju… - Journal of International Economics, 2000 - Elsevier
We study the link between import volume and welfare due to liberalization. We confine our
attention to the small country case and to unilateral tariff reductions. Our results indicate that
increased import volume associated with tariff reductions is neither necessary nor ...
K Krishna - 1990 - nber.org
ABSTRACT This paper is a selective survey of the work on the effects of export restraints
with imperfect competition. Although there are a number of excellent surveys of strategic
trade theory as a whole, not much attention is paid in these to the effects of export ...
K Krishna… - Journal of development economics, 1992 - Elsevier
Abstract In this paper, we examine optimal tax/subsidy policies with export marketing boards
that compete as oligopolists in world markets. By taking a targeting approach to identifying
optimal policies, we are able to show how optimal policies vary with the objectives of ...
K Krishna - 1988 - nber.org
With some 90 nations about to embark on a new round of multilateral trade negotiations
under GATT (General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade), there is concern that rules for “high-
tech” industries be high on the agenda. The United States has been the leader in ...
K Krishna… - European Economic Review, 1998 - Elsevier
Why would the US threaten punitive tariffs on luxury autos to implement a market share
target in auto parts? We show that by making threats to a linked market, a market share
target may be implemented with fairly weak informational and administrative requirements ...
K Krishna… - International Economic Review, 1999 - Wiley Online Library
This paper questions the presumption that transferable licenses are worth more and result in
higher welfare. We show that the price of a transferable license may be lower than that of its
nontransferable counterpart if the underlying quota is not very severe. However, ...
K Krishna, A Mukhopadhyay… - 2002 - nber.org
This paper explains the differential impacts of trade on countries in terms of institutional
differences which result in factor market distortions. We modify the Ricardian, Specific Factor
and Hecksher Ohlin models of trade to capture these. Trade has both terms of trade effects ...
K Krishna - The World bank Economic Review, 1993 - World Bank
Abstract This article looks at the implications for trade policy of recent work on quota
auctions. Recent work has considered a variety of market structures in addition to the
standard one of monopoly in the product market. It has also emphasized details of the ...
S Imai,
H Katayama… - European Economic Review, 2009 - Elsevier
This paper asks whether the results obtained from using the standard approach to testing
the influential Grossman and Helpman “protection for sale” model of political economy might
arise from a simpler setting. A model of imports and quotas with protection occurring in ...
J Ju… - Economics Letters, 2002 - Elsevier
Direct regulations have two regimes. In one, all firms behave in the same manner and, in the
other, they behave differently. Past work assumed all firms were identical, thereby neglecting
the non-monotonicity in comparative statics arising from the regime change.
K Krishna… - East Asian Trade After the Uruguay Round, …, 1997 - books.google.com
The Multifibre Arrangement (MFA), is one of the most important non-tariff trade barriers
(NTBs) facing developing countries today. It has particular relevance to developing East
Asian economies, which account for a large share of world exports of textiles and apparel. ...
K Krishna… - 2002 - nber.org
This paper argues that labor market distortions in transition and developing economies help
explain differential impacts of trade liberalization. We assume that workers differ in ability. In
a market economy their earnings depend on their ability. However, earnings are ...
K Krishna, MC Thursby, CA Carter… - … and political economy: …, 1990 - cabdirect.org
Abstract A vast literature exists on international trade policy with imperfect competition. This
paper is a selective survey which questions what the major contributions of this literature are
for policy purposes. In particular, attention is paid to how these contributions might be ...
K Krishna, S Roy… - 1996 - nber.org
The outcome of trade policies to increase access for foreign firms to the home country's
market is shown to be sensitive to the implementation procedure used. The importance of
the timing of moves between government and firms is highlighted by focusing on taxes ...
This paper proposes a new test of the Protection for Sale (PFS) model by Grossman and
Helpman (1994). Unlike existing methods in the literature, our approach does not require
any data on political organizations. We formally show that the PFS model predicts that the ...
[CITATION] Openness: A conceptual approach
K Krishna - miineo., Harvard University, 1991
[CITATION] Trade restrictions as facilitating practices
K Krishna - 1984 - Harvard Institute of Economic …
S Imai,
H Katayama… - International Review of Economics & …, 2009 - Elsevier
This paper critically and selectively surveys the literature on protection for sale and
discusses directions for future research in this area. It suggests that the standard approach
needs to be augmented to provide more compelling tests of this model.
K Krishna… - Journal of Development Economics, 1996 - Elsevier
In a static perfectly competitive model, it is well understood that a quota license has a
scarcity value. In a dynamic setting with uncertainty, the license price has two additional
components, both of which arise from the fact that the license is valid for an entire year. ...
K Krishna… - Journal of International Economics, 2005 - Elsevier
We present a simple model where complementarities between wages and demand due to
factor market distortions can make a transition economy worse off from trade. Prior to trade, a
virtuous circle prevails: high wages in industry support a high demand for indivisible ...
I Cherkashin, S Demidova, S Imai… - Journal of International …, 2009 - Elsevier
There is little work on the inner workings of journals. What factors seem to affect the ability to
publish in a journal? Could simple rules (which are already used by some journals) like the
desk rejection of a significant minority of papers, help to streamline the process? At what ...
K Krishna - Beyond trade friction: Japan-US economic relations, 1989 - books.google.com
The post-World War II era is often hailed as a period of great trade liberalization, which led to
gains for all parties through free trade. Owing to a series of negotiations conducted under
the auspices of GATT, tariffs have been negotiated steadily downward, and at present they ...
K Krishna… - 2000 - nber.org
Why are higher quality niches seen as intrinsically more profitable in business circles? Why
do high quality products sometimes have a low real price, while it is unusual to see low
quality products with high real prices? Can markets have quality differentiation as well as ...
[CITATION] A simple dynamic model of employment
A Caplin… - NBER Working Paper, 1986
Using National Youth Survey (NYS) data, we examine the relationship of current criminal
activity and past arrests using an ordered probit model with unobserved heterogeneity. Past
arrests raise current criminal activity only for the non-criminal type, while past criminal ...
[CITATION] Rags and Riches
K Krishna… - Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1998
J Ju… - … Journal of Economics/Revue canadienne d' …, 2000 - Wiley Online Library
In this paper we look at the welfare effects of trade reform in the many-consumers case. We
show that Pareto-improving reforms with lump-sum taxation or with non-lump-sum taxation
are possible in the small country case if sufficient conditions for welfare to rise in the single ...
K Krishna, C Yavas… - 2001 - econ.la.psu.edu
Abstract This paper looks at some consequences of a comittment to wage equality in some
sectors of the economy which produce lumpy consumer goods. We show that in this setting,
there are two equilibria, with high or low wages, incomes and output. In this closed ...
T Chesnokova… - 2006 - nber.org
This paper looks at the effect of credit constraints on skill acquisition when agents have
heterogeneous abilities and wealth. We use a two factor general equilibrium model and
assume credit markets are absent. We explore the effects of trade on factor earnings as ...
K Krishna, W Martin… - Journal of Development Economics, 1997 - Elsevier
In this paper, we make use of recently available data on Indonesian Multi-Fibre Arrangement
quota license prices to examine the accuracy of the procedure commonly used in the
literature to impute such prices from Hong Kong data. We find that the actual Indonesian ...
K Krishna - 1990 - nber.org
1. INTRODUCTION One of the most common criticisms of voluntary export restrictions
(VERs) and the way that quotas are currently allocated is that they allow foreigners to reap
the rents associated with the quantitative constraints. It has been suggested that ...
[CITATION] The harvard housing lottery: rationality and reform
S Collins… - Manuscript, Georgetown University and Penn State …, 1995
K Krishna… - 2001 - nber.org
This paper examines the role of lumpy consumer durables and market power in generating
endogenous cycles which seem to be consistent with the facts. When goods are durable,
past consumption choices determine the current market size which consists of consumers ...
I Cherkashin, S Demidova, HL Kee… - 2010 - nber.org
This paper builds a tractable partial equilibrium model in the spirit of Melitz (2003), which
incorporates two dimensions of heterogeneity: firms specific productivity shocks and firm-
market specific demand shocks. The structural parameters of interest are estimated using ...
S Demidova… - Economics Letters, 2008 - Elsevier
This paper shows that the result of Ju and Krishna [Ju, J., Krishna, K., 2002. Regulations,
Regime Switches and Non-Monotonicity when Non-Compliance is an Option: An Application
to Content Protection and Preference. Economic Letters 77, 315–321, Ju, J., Krishna, K., ...
K Krishna… - Annales d'Economie et de Statistique, 1997 - JSTOR
This paper considers the ramifications of quota subcategorization, a practice which
characterizes India's system of allocating Multi-Fibre Arrangement (MFA) licenses. We
compare the justifications commonly given for this practice with the optimal policies to ...
[CITATION] Implementing free trade areas: Rules of origin and hidden protection
K Krishna… - 1994 - Centre for International Economic …
PE Jensen… - Indian economic review, 1996 - ideas.repec.org
We show that with both home and foreign firms present in a market, liberalization of entry
could raise or lower welfare. When goods are homogenous, we show that the optimum
number of firms depends on the extent to which foreign firms are present. We show that ...
[CITATION] iExport Restraints With Imperfect Competition: A Selective SurveyjNBER Working Paper 3244
K Krishna - 1990
K Krishna, LH Tan… - 1992 - getcited.org
An academic directory and search engine.
K Krishna - 1992 - nber.org
This paper provides definitions and measures of the extent of adaptability of an economy to
exogenous changes in product prices, factor availability and technological change. It is
argued that flexibility can in general only be defined relative to the exogenous changes ...
[CITATION] Suddhasatwa Roy and Marie Thursby, 1998,“Implementing Market Access”
K Krishna - Review of International Economics
[CITATION] Protection for Sale or Surge Protection?
I Susumu, H Katayama… - NBER Working Paper, 2006
K Krishna - 1985 - nber.org
Thereare three points made in this paper. The first is that the question concerning choice of
a product line by a monopolist is similar in structure to other adverse selection problems--
and can be analyzed in an elementary way by adapting techniques recently developed for ...
K Krishna… - 1992 - ideas.repec.org
The Multi-Fibre Arrangement (MFA) restricts the access of developing country exporters to
developed country markets. It is usually assumed that the exporting countries receive all of
the economic rents that result from these import restrictions-making it unclear whether the ...
J Ju… - 1997 - nber.org
In contrast to existing work which takes an ex-ante approach and looks for policy
prescriptions which yield welfare improvements, we take an ex-post approach. We ask
whether there are indicators which show whether welfare has risen or not in the wake of a ...
[CITATION] Rent Sharing in the Multi-Fibre Arrangement: Theory and Evidence from US Apparel Imports from Hong Kong. The World Bank
R Erzan, K Krishna… - Policy Research Working Paper Series, 1991
K Krishna… - The Scandinavian Journal of Economics, 2004 - Wiley Online Library
We develop a model with three key features: a factor market distortion, monopoly power in
the product market and indivisibilities in consumption. In this setting, multiple equilibria arise,
one with high and the other with low equilibrium wages, incomes and output. It is also ...
[CITATION] Suddhasatwa Roy, and Marie Thursby~ 1997!'Procompetitive market access,'
K Krishna - NBER Working Paper, 1998
[CITATION] oA Quantile'based Test of Protection for Sale Model
S Imai, H Katayama… - pNBER Working Paper, 13900, …
[CITATION] Rules of Origin in the Long Run
K Krishna - 2003 - Mimeo
K Krishna, T Tranæs, Birgit Grodal Symposium… - 2003 - econ.la.psu.edu
Abstract We apply a Bernheim-Whinston (1986) type mechanism to a situation where a
single buyer with uncertain demand wishes to buy from a small number of suppliers. We let
suppliers bid a payment contingent on own quantity supplied, and another payment ...
K Krishna… - 1993 - ideas.repec.org
Empirical studies of the welfare consequences of quotas often assume perfect competition
everywhere. If this assumption is not valid, welfare estimate and policy recommendations
may err dramatically. The popular press often argues that market power is being exercised ...
K Krishna, S Roy… - 1997 - nber.org
The view that US businesses are being unfairly hurt by barriers to access in foreign markets
has raised demands for market access requirements (MARs) from within US industry and
government alike. We show that, contrary to the prevailing wisdom of the recent literature, ...
K Krishna - 1989 - nber.org
This paper has two aims. First, to examine alternative ways of modeling VERS in imperfectly
competitive markets. This is important, since the. effects of VERS are sensitive to the models
used. Second, to argue that the effects of VERS also depend on whether goods are ...
K Krishna… - Canadian Journal of Economics/Revue …, 2005 - Wiley Online Library
Abstract. We study a model designed to understand the concept of unbalanced growth. We
define leading sectors to be those that raise the profits from industrialization for other sectors
the most. We identify the leading sectors and show that subsidizing them in sequence will ...
[CITATION] AUCTIONS WITH ENDOGENOUS VALUATIONS: THE SNOWBALL EFFECT
K Krishna - AND OTHER APPLICATIONS (September)
[CITATION] VIs Protection Really for Sale? A Survey and Directions for Future ResearchV
S Imai, H Katayama… - 2007 - QueenVs Economics Department …
S Demidova… - The Journal of International Trade & …, 2007 - Taylor & Francis
Abstract This paper shows that the results of Venables (1987) depend critically on the
assumption that there are no fixed costs of trade. The introduction of fixed costs of exporting,
while making the model more consistent with the empirical evidence, leads to the opposite ...
K Krishna… - 1990 - en.scientificcommons.org
Abstract In most of the literature in auctions the valuations of agents are exogenously
specified. This assumption may be inappropriate in a number of cases where valuations are
better derived endogenously. Endogenous valuations are appropriate when there are ...
K Krishna… - 1999 - papers.ssrn.com
Abstract: This paper studies situations where a single buyer with uncertain demand wishes
to buy from a small number of suppliers. In this setting it is well understood that supply
function bidding results in the product not being produced at the lowest cost, that is, in the ...
[CITATION] oTransferability versus Non0 Transferability: What is the Difference
K Krishna… - International Economic Review, August, 1999
K Krishna - International Economic Review, 1992 - JSTOR
This reply shows that both market structure and the form of preferences affect the argument
by Falvey (1979) on ad valorem tariffs and the quality of imports. It does not depend on
whether or not consumers are restricted to purchasing only one variety as claimed in the ...
K Krishna - 2010 - nber.org
The computable general equilibrium models used in the literature tend to be a bit of a black
box. This paper provides some intuition behind what goes on in these black boxes by laying
out a simple general equilibrium model and intuitively explaining what lies behind the ...
K Krishna - 2004 - elsa.berkeley.edu
Abstract A large number of trade policies are “conditional” in so much as they can be
invoked only if certain prerequisites are met. Hence, the benefits accruing from them can
come at a cost. For example, meeting the Rules of Origin (ROOs) in a Free Trade Area ( ...
K Krishna… - 1997 - nber.org
In April 1994, the Clinton administration announced a $597 million policy initiative to
encourage US companies to invest in the research and development (R&D) as well as the
large-scale production of flat panel displays (FPDs). Semiconductors have become a ...
[CITATION] Auction Quotas with Uncertainty
K Krishna - Harvard University, unpublished manuscript, 1988
K Krishna… - CIE Discussion Papers, 1998 - ideas.repec.org
This paper studies the allocation and rent distribution between buyers and the seller in
multiple units sealed-bid auctions. We restrict attention to the complete information case. A
simple diagrammatic exposition of equilibria in the first-price and uniform-price auctions is ...
K Krishna, S Roy… - 2000 - nber.org
In contrast to recent literature, we show that market access requirements (MARs) can be
implemented in a procompetitive manner even in the absence of threats in related markets.
By focusing on subsidies that are paid only when the requirement is met, we show that a ...
K Krishna… - 2000 - papers.ssrn.com
Abstract: This paper looks at a general equilibrium model in a setting with indivisible
consumer goods, product market power and a labor market distortion. The labor market
distortion is due to wages being independent of ability in the indivisible good sector. This ...
K Krishna - … Paper (Washington: Independent Evaluation Office of …, 2009 - imf-ieo.org
Abstract This paper reviews the IMF's Trade Restrictiveness Index (TRI) and possible
alternatives. The first part describes the TRI, the data needed to compute it, and the history of
its use. The second part asks what a good measure should be. The third part suggests that ...
K Krishna… - 2007 - nber.org
This paper considers the effects of trade policy--tariffs and quotas--when importing is done
by competitive traders who are identical ex ante but differ ex post. We show that the standard
equivalence results no longer hold and the conventional ranking of tariffs and quotas is ...
K Krishna… - … journal of economics= Revue canadienne d' …, 2005 - dialnet.unirioja.es
... Firm behaviour and market access in a Free Trade Area with rules of origin. Autores: Kala Krishna,
Jiandong Ju; Localización: Canadian journal of economics = Revue canadienne d'économique,
ISSN 0008-4085, Nº. 1, 2005 , págs. 290-308. Fundación Dialnet. ...
K Krishna… - 1992 - nber.org
In the first of the two companion papers, we show that the dynamic aspects of the license
utilization decision in an uncertain environment, together with the usual policy of rewarding
high license utilization with future license allocations. creates four components of the ...
Abstract This paper asks whether the results obtained from using the standard approach to
testing the influential Grossman and Helpman mprotection for sale (PFS) nmodel of political
economy might arise from alternative speci& fications and argues that the standard ...
K Krishna, S Imai, A Mukhopadhyay… - 2004 - ideas.repec.org
This paper examines the role of middlemen (brokers) in an imperfect secondary market for
quota licenses. Middlemen facilitate trade when markets are thin, as potential buyers and
sellers find it difficult to meet and transact directly. However, in thin markets, middlemen ...
K Krishna - 2009 - mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de
This paper reviews the Funds Trade Restrictiveness Index (IMF-TRI). It has three parts. The
rst part describes what the IMF-TRI is and the data needed to computeit. This part also traces
the history of usage and the debate on the use of the IMF-TRI within the fund. It draws on ...
K Krishna… - 1996 - nber.org
This paper questions the presumption that transferable quota licenses are worth more and
result in higher welfare. We show that the price of a transferable license will tend to be
higher than that of its nontransferable counterpart only if the underlying quota is quite ...
J Ju… - Economics Letters, 2000 - Elsevier
We develop necessary conditions for welfare improving reforms. We show that our work may
be useful in evaluating the desirability of preferential trading areas (PTAs) and reforming
Article XXIV of GATT. The conditions that no country necessarily loses from world trade ...
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