C Shapiro… - 1999 - books.google.com
In a marketplace that depends so thoroughly on cutting-edge information technology, can
classic economic principles still offer any real strategic value? Yes! say Carl Shapiro and Hal
Varian. In Information Rules, they reveal that many long-standing economic concepts can ...
ML Katz… - The American economic review, 1985 - JSTOR
There are many products for which the utility that a user derives from consumption of the
good increases with the number of other agents consuming the good. There are several
possible sources of these positive consumption externalities. 1 1) The consumption ...
C Shapiro… - The American Economic Review, 1984 - JSTOR
Involuntary unemployment appears to be a persistent feature of many modem labor markets.
The presence of such unemployment raises the question of why wages do not fall to clear
labor markets. In this paper we show how the information structure of employer-employee ...
ML Katz… - The journal of political economy, 1986 - JSTOR
We analyze technology adoption in industries where network externalities are significant.
The pattern of adoption depends on whether technologies are sponsored. A sponsor is an
entity that has property rights to the technology and hence is willing to make investments ...
ML Katz… - The Journal of Economic Perspectives, 1994 - JSTOR
Michael L. Katz and Carl Shapiro any products have little or no value in isolation, but
generate value M when combined with others. Examples include: nuts and bolts, which
together provide fastening services; home audio or video components and programming, ...
C Shapiro - The quarterly journal of economics, 1983 - qje.oxfordjournals.org
Abstract This paper derives an equilibrium price-quality schedule for markets in which
buyers cannot observe product quality prior to purchase. In such markets there is an
incentive for sellers to reduce quality and take short-run gains before buyers catch on. In ...
J Farrell… - The American Economic Review, 1990 - JSTOR
We analyze horizontal mergers in Cournot oligopoly. We find general conditions under
which such mergers raise price, and show that any merger not creating synergies raises
price. We develop a procedure for analyzing the effect of a merger on rivals and ...
C Shapiro - 2001 - nber.org
Executive Summary In several key industries, including semiconductors, biotechnology,
computer software, and the Internet, our patent system is creating a patent thicket: an
overlapping set of patent rights requiring that those seeking to commercialize new ...
R Gilbert… - The RAND Journal of Economics, 1990 - JSTOR
In providing rewards to innovators, there is a tradeoff between patent length and breadth.
This article provides conditions under which the optimal patent policy involves infinitely-lived
patents, with patent breadth adjusting to provide the required reward for innovation.
C Shapiro - The Bell Journal of Economics, 1982 - JSTOR
This article analyzes markets in which consumers are imperfectly informed about product
quality. An important force that prevents deterioration of the quality supplied by sellers is the
formation of firm-specific reputations. It is shown in general that reputations, because they ...
ML Katz… - The Journal of Industrial Economics, 1992 - JSTOR
We study the introduction of a new product in a market with network externalities. There is a
common presumption that such markets exhibit excess inertia, ie that they are biased
towards existing products. In contrast, we provide conditions under which equilibrium ...
C Shapiro - Handbook of industrial organization, 1989 - Elsevier
** I thank the Institute for International Economic Studies at the University of Stockholm which
provided an excellent environment while I was beginning to write this chapter, and the National
Science Foundation, which provided financial support under Grant SES 86-06336. I also ...
GM Grossman… - The Review of Economic …, 1984 - restud.oxfordjournals.org
Abstract In this paper we study the role of promotional expenditures by sellers in a model of
product differentiation. Advertising conveys full and accurate information about the
characteristics of products. Heterogeneous consumers, who have no source of information ...
ML Katz… - The RAND Journal of Economics, 1985 - JSTOR
We study a three-stage, asymmetric duopoly game of R&D rivalry. The stages are:(1)
development of an innovation;(2) fixed-fee licensing of the innovation; and (3) sale of the
final product. We find that major innovations will not be licensed, but that equally efficient ...
J Farrell… - The RAND Journal of Economics, 1988 - JSTOR
We analyze an overlapping-generations model of duopolistic competition in the presence of
consumer switching costs. Competition for established buyers is continually intermingled
with competition for new, uncommitted buyers. In equilibrium the firm with attached ...
C Shapiro… - Papers, 1990 - ideas.repec.org
No abstract is available for this item. ... To our knowledge, this item is not available for
download. To find whether it is available, there are three options: 1. Check below under "Related
research" whether another version of this item is available online. 2. Check on the ...
ML Katz… - The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 1986 - qje.oxfordjournals.org
Abstract We examine the optimal licensing strategy of a research lab selling to firms who are
product market competitors. We consider an independent lab as well as a research joint
venture. We show that (1) demands are interdependent and hence the standard price ...
MA Lemley… - The Journal of Economic Perspectives, 2005 - JSTOR
Mark A. Lemley and Carl Shapiro or many years, economists typically conceptualized
patents as well-defined property rights giving their owners either a monopoly over some
market or at least a significant competitive advantage in that market due to control over a ...
C Shapiro… - California management …, 1999 - people.ischool.berkeley.edu
Standards wars—battles for market dominance between incompatible technologies—are a
fixture of the information age. Based on our study of historical standards wars, we have
identified several generic strategies, along with a number of winning tactics, to help ...
ML Katz… - The American Economic Review, 1987 - JSTOR
We study the rivalry between two firms to develop an innovation in a dynamic setting that
allows for postdevelopment dissemination of the innovation, such as licensing or imitation.
This dissemination may cause the noninnovating firm to benefit from the discovery. When ...
C Shapiro - The review of economic studies, 1986 - restud.oxfordjournals.org
Abstract When do oligopolists gain by sharing their private information about their costs with
one another? What are the social welfare effects of such information exchange? I study
these questions by comparing the oligopolists' expected profits under a cost sharing ...
C Shapiro - The Rand journal of economics, 1989 - JSTOR
* The field of industrial organization has been transformed during the past twenty years. In
the 1950s and 1960s, IO was predominantly an empirical field with little theory to guide
either industry analysis or cross-section regression studies. During the 1980s, by contrast, ...
GM Grossman… - The Economic Journal, 1987 - JSTOR
Technological competition often has several of the characteristics of a race. In a race, the
largest (and perhaps only) prize is awarded to the first participant to cross a well-defined
finish line. Similarly, the first firm to make an industrial breakthrough often captures the ...
C Shapiro… - Harvard Business Review, 1998 - faculty.haas.berkeley.edu
In 1986, Nynex issued the first electronic phone book, a compact disc containing all the
telephone listings for the New York area. Charging $10,000 a copy, the company sold the
CDs to the FBI, the 1RS, and other large commercial and governmental organizations. ...
WE Kovacic, C Shapiro - U of California, Berkeley, Center for …, 1999 - papers.ssrn.com
Abstract: Passage of the Sherman Act in the United States in 1890 set the stage for a century
of jurisprudence regarding monopoly, cartels, and oligopoly. Among American statutes that
regulate commerce, the Sherman Act is unequaled in its generality. The Act outlawed ...
ML Katz… - Oxford Economic Papers, 1986 - JSTOR
THE benefit that a consumer derives from the use of a good often is an increasing function of
the number of other consumers purchasing compatible items. This effect has long been
recognized in the context of communications networks such as the telephone and Telex. ...
C Shapiro - The American Economic Review, 1985 - JSTOR
It is widely recognized that long-run industrial performance is influenced not only by static
efficiency, but also by the rate of technological progress. The single most important factor
determining the rate of technological progress in a given industry is the level of ...
GM Grossman… - The Quarterly Journal of …, 1988 - qje.oxfordjournals.org
Abstract We study the positive and normative effects of counterfeiting, ie, trademark
infringement, in markets where consumers are not deceived by forgeries. Consumers are
willing to pay more for counterfeits than for generic merchandise of similar quality because ...
C Shapiro - The Review of Economic Studies, 1986 - restud.oxfordjournals.org
Abstract I analyse occupational licensing as an input regulation that requires minimum
levels of human capital investment by professionals. By raising professionals' training levels,
licensing helps alleviate moral hazard problems associated with the provision of high ...
C Shapiro… - The Journal of Economic Perspectives, 1990 - JSTOR
T-she US Congress is currently considering several bills to alter the antitrust treatment of
collaborative production activities among rival firms. In their contribution to this symposium,
Jorde and Teece have put forward an affirmative case for such legislative change. Their ...
The Economics of Information Technology is a concise and accessible review of some of the
important economic factors affecting information technology industries. These industries are
characterized by high fixed costs and low marginal costs of production, large switching ...
GM Grossman… - 1988 - nber.org
We analyze a two-country model of trade in both legitimate and counterfeit products.
Domestic firms own trademarks and establish reputations for delivering high-quality
products in a steady-state equilibrium. Foreign suppliers export legitimate low-quality ...
C Shapiro - Antitrust LJ, 1994 - HeinOnline
Inc., 1 ruled that a manufacturer could, as a matter of law, have monopoly power in the
servicing of its own equipment, even if it had no such power in the sale of that equipment. In
other words, aftermarkets could be relevant antitrust markets, even if equipment markets ...
GM Grossman… - JL Econ. & Org., 1986 - HeinOnline
The long-run vitality of the United States economy requires a vigorous and ongoing research
and development effort. In many of the dynamic, highgrowth industries, continuous
innovation is necessary for competitive success. Some foreign governments already have ...
J Farrell… - The American Economic Review, 1989 - JSTOR
We analyze incomplete long-term bilateral contracts when buyers incur relationship-specific
setup costs and sellers choose some aspect of quality that is not verifiable to third parties. If
setup costs are observable, the first best can be achieved even though contracts cannot ...
J Farrell… - The Rand Journal of Economics, 1990 - JSTOR
We study the effects of changes in the ownership of productive assets in a concentrated
industry. Using a Cournot model, we analyze (1) investment by an oligopolist,(2) the sale of
capital goods by one oligopolist to another, and (3) stock market purchases, whereby one ...
C Shapiro - The Bell Journal of Economics, 1983 - JSTOR
A monopolist's optimal price path over time is examined for situations in which consumers
initially misestimate product quality and learn about it by using the good. Information about
the product is bundled with the product itself. Two very different cases are studied. In the ...
[CITATION] Information rules: a strategic guide to the network economy
HR Varian… - Harvard Business School Press, Cambridge, 1999
C Shapiro - RAND Journal of Economics, 2003 - JSTOR
Patents, patent litigation, and patent settlements increasingly influence competition.
Settlements of patent disputes come in many forms, including licensing and cross-licensing
agreements, patent pools, mergers, and joint ventures. While frequently procompetitive, ...
United States. Department of Justice… - 1995 - faculty.haas.berkeley.edu
To a greater or lesser degree, virtually all markets involve some element of product
differentiation. 4 Even in a classic homogeneous-goods market—such as the market for an
agricultural commodity or for a specific chemical compound—producers often attempt to ...
[CITATION] Entry dynamics with mixed strategies
AK Dixit, C Shapiro… - 1984 - Woodrow Wilson School, Princeton …
J Farrell, C Shapiro, RR Nelson… - Brookings Papers on Economic …, 1992 - JSTOR
TODAY TELEVISION SIGNALS are encoded, broadcast, and received in the United States
using the color system of the National Television Systems Committee (NTSC). Almost 40
years old, this system has well-known performance limitations. It is subject to flickering ...
Three years ago, the Antitrust Division of the US Department of Justice and the Federal
Trade Commission revised their Horizontal Merger Guidelines to articulate in greater detail
how they would treat claims of efficiencies associated with horizontal mergers; 1 claims ...
J Farrell… - American Economic Review, 2010 - nber.org
ABSTRACT. We analyze the licensing of patents that may be invalid, to licensees who
compete in a downstream product market. If licenses involve two-part tariffs, the patentee
and licensees will often–especially for weak patents–agree on a running royalty equal to ...
C Shapiro - The Bell Journal of Economics, 1980 - JSTOR
In an earlier article Dixit and Norman studied the welfare effects of advertising. They came to
the surprising conclusion that, even accepting postadvertising tastes as the welfare
standard, monopoly advertising which raises price is excessive. The point of this comment ...
C Shapiro - Berkeley Tech. LJ, 2004 - HeinOnline
ABSTRACT Considerable recent research suggests that the US patent system is out of
balance: the PTO's typically brief review process is allowing too many" questionable" patents
to be issued that would likely be found invalid with more thorough review. When patents ...
J Farrell, J Hayes, C Shapiro… - Antitrust LJ, 2007 - HeinOnline
This article focuses on a problem that the ABA Handbook labels" patent ambush" 3 and that
economists call" opportunism" or" hold-up." In very broad terms, opportunism or hold-up
arises when a gap between economic commitments and subsequent commercial ...
ML Katz… - … , and the Microsoft Monopoly: Antitrust in …, 1998 - books.google.com
The computer and software sector is a tremendously important and visible part of the
economy. It is also a sector in which there have long been concerns about monopolization.
In the past, these concerns centered on monopolization by IBM. Today, the concerns are ...
R Gilbert, C Shapiro, L Kaplow… - Brookings Papers on Economic …, 1997 - JSTOR
" KNOWLEDGE ASSETS"-research and development know-how and intellectual property
protected by patent, copyright, and trade secrethave become increasingly important as a
determinant of US industrial progress.'In 1995 seven knowledge-intensive industries ( ...
C Shapiro - Expanding the bounds of intellectual property. …, 2001 - Citeseer
Abstract This paper describes the process by which firms cooperate to establish product
compatibility and interface standards, and studies the impact such standards have on market
competition. Special emphasis is given to the treatment of intellectual property rights in the ...
GM Grossman… - The Journal of Political Economy, 1982 - JSTOR
In this paper we study the determinants of intersectoral factor mobility. Mobility is the
outgrowth of a prior investment decision. In particular, we focus on the human capital (ie,
training) decisions of workers. Uncertainty isa critical feature in such training decisions. ...
M Katz… - Antitrust, 2003 - faculty.haas.berkeley.edu
Specifically, the Agency will begin with each product (narrowly defined) produced or sold by
each merging firm and ask what would happen if a hypothetical monopolist of that product
imposed at least a “small but significant and nontransitory” increase in price, but the terms ...
C Shapiro - The American economic review, 2006 - JSTOR
Many inventions are discovered independently, but at roughly the same time, by two or more
individuals or organizations. Famous examples include the light bulb, the telephone, and the
integrated circuit. Independent invention is common for minor technological improvements ...
C Shapiro - 2002 - ideas.repec.org
< P> This paper seeks to improve understanding of the links between innovation and
competition policy. It is intended to help OECD Member countries identify ways in which they
can design and implement policies that best promote innovation while protecting against ...
C Shapiro… - Antitrust Bull., 1994 - HeinOnline
The Supreme Court's recent (1992) Kodak decision'has put the spotlight on important
economic as well as legal issues. The economic issues relate to the relationship between
what the Supreme Court calls" equipment markets," and" aftermarkets." In Kodak, the ...
J Farrell… - The BE Journal of Theoretical Economics, 2010 - degruyter.com
We describe a simple initial indicator of whether a proposed merger between rivals in a
differentiated product industry is likely to raise prices through unilateral effects. Our
diagnostic calibrates upward pricing pressure (UPP) resulting from the merger, based on ...
HR Varian… - Manuscript. University of …, 2003 - people.ischool.berkeley.edu
The Linux operating system offers information technology managers in both the private and
public sectors an increasingly attractive option as a computing platform to run the powerful
computer servers that are at the heart of computer networks, including the Internet itself. 1 ...
DE Patterson… - Antitrust Magazine, 2001 - professorgeradin.blogs.com
On May 2, 2001, the Antitrust Division of the United States Department of Justice announced
that it had reached an agreement in principle with General Electric Company and Honeywell
International Inc. that resolved the Division's antitrust concerns with the companies' ...
FA Wolak, R Nordhaus… - California ISO Market …, 2000 - ucei.berkeley.edu
This document is our response to the July 20, 2000 letter sent by Jan Smutny-Jones, the
Chairman of the Board of Governors of the California ISO requesting that the Market
Surveillance Committee (MSC) provide an analysis of the June 2000 price spikes in the ...
C Shapiro - Competition policy analysis, 1999 - books.google.com
The recent monopolization action brought by the United States against Microsoft has
galvanized public interest in competition policy as applied to the hightechnology sector. Yet
the Microsoft case is but one in a series of public enforcement actions, and private antitrust ...
C Shapiro… - The American Economic Review, 1985 - JSTOR
The central message of the efficiency wage models' is that firms may not lower their wages,
even in the face of unemployment, if net productivity depends on wages. Lower wages could
increase rather than decrease a firm's net labor costs. As a result, wage rigidities and ...
C Shapiro - 2008 - nber.org
Executive Summary Economists and policymakers have long recognized that innovators
must be able to appropriate a reasonable portion of the social benefits of their innova tions if
innovation is to be suitably rewarded and encouraged. However, this pa per identifies a ...
[CITATION] A economia da informação
C Shapiro… - 2003 - Elsevier Brazil
C Shapiro - 2006 - escholarship.org
Abstract: This paper studies royalty negotiations between a patent holder and a downstream
firm selling a product which is more valuable if it includes a feature covered by the patent.
Royalties are negotiated in the shadow of patent litigation, which will determine whether ...
C Shapiro… - Boston 1998 - vedpuriswar.org
The main thesis of this book is that while technology may change, economic laws do not.
The authors, Carl Shapiro and Hal Varian point out that the information economy is driven by
advances in information technology and infrastructure. What is new is, not the total amount ...
J Baker… - Where the Chicago School Overshot the …, 2008 - papers.ssrn.com
Abstract: The past forty years have witnessed a remarkable transformation in horizontal
merger enforcement in the United States. With no change in the underlying statute, the
Clayton Act, the weight given to market concentration by the federal courts and by the ...
[CITATION] Network externalities, competition, and compatibility
ML Katz… - 1983 - Woodrow Wilson School, Princeton …
RE Litan… - 2001 - escholarship.org
For at least twenty years, a broad, bi-partisan consensus has prevailed regarding the goal of
US antitrust policy: to foster competitive markets and to control monopoly power, not to
protect smaller firms from tough competition by larger corporations. The interests of ...
H Varian… - A Strategic Guide to the Network, 1999 - challenge2000.net
Con l'avvento della rivoluzione dell'informazione, le regole di base dell'economia
acquistano nuovo vigore. I fenomeni che stiamo vivendo oggi, intimamente interconnessi
allo sviluppo e alla diffusione dell'informazione come nuovo bene di consumo e tangibile ...
J Farrell… - … Competition Policy Center Working Paper No …, 2004 - papers.ssrn.com
Abstract: Professor Varian's overview analyzes a variety of competitive strategies used by
high-tech companies. These strategies-such as personalized pricing, lock-in, and the
adoption of uniform compatibility standards to fuel bandwagon effects-often rely on ...
C Shapiro - Zeitschrift für die gesamte Staatswissenschaft/Journal …, 1983 - JSTOR
Consumer protection regulation is based on a belief that the private market fails in a
significant way: it fails to supply consumers with adequate information for them to make
efficient choices among products and to protect themselves from unscrupulous sellers.
MA Lemley… - Texas Law Review, 2007 - papers.ssrn.com
Abstract: We argued in our paper, Patent Hold-Up and Royalty Stacking, that the threat to
obtain a permanent injunction greatly enhances the patent holder's negotiating power,
leading to royalty rates that exceed a benchmark level based on the value of the patented ...
J Farrell… - The American Economic Review, 1991 - JSTOR
The comment by Gregory J. Werden (1991) on our paper," Horizontal Mergers: An
Equilibrium Analysis"(Farrell and Shapiro, 1990a) is largely based on a misunderstanding.
We first address some general issues that he raises and then turn to the technical point ...
C Shapiro… - University of California, Berkeley, 1997 - Citeseer
1. Governmental creation and dissemination of information. This includes government
funding of research and development efforts, as well as government creation of information
such as economic statistics, dissemination of legislation and administrative rulings, ...
[CITATION] Economie de l'information: Guide stratégique de l'économie des réseaux
C Shapiro… - 2001 - De Boeck Université
C Shapiro - The Antitrust Revolution, 2003 - oup.com
Intergraph sues Intel, asserting that Intel's microprocessors infringe on In- tergraph's patents.
As negotiations fail, the relationship between Intel and Intergraph deteriorates. Intel withdraws
the special benefits that Intergraph had been enjoying. Intergraph asserts that Intel has ...
RJ Gilbert… - Proceedings of the National …, 1996 - National Acad Sciences
The intellectual property laws in the United States provide the owners of intellectual property
with discretion to license the right to use that property or to make or sell products that
embody the intellectual property. However, the antitrust laws constrain the use of property, ...
C Shapiro - The Journal of Economic Perspectives, 1991 - JSTOR
Widespread visible concern about the" liability crisis" reached a peak during the mid-1980s.
Without question, there was a proliferation of lawsuits by those asserting their rights to
recover for damages caused by others' malpractice, pollution, defective products, and so ...
[CITATION] Premiums for high quality products as rents to reputation
C Shapiro - 1981 - Woodrow Wilson School of Public …
[CITATION] Economic rationales for privatization in industrial and developing countries
C Shapiro… - The Political Economy of Public Sector Reform. …, 1990
[CITATION] Theory of oligopoly behavior
C Shapiro - Schmalensee R., Willig RD, Handbook of Industrial …, 1989
J Jayaratne… - International Journal of the Economics of …, 2000 - Taylor & Francis
In this paper, we apply and extend merger simulation methodology to analyze the
effectiveness of partial divestitures as a'fix'to remedy the possible anticompetitive effects of
horizontal mergers. Typically, antitrust agencies require merging firms to divest assets so ...
[CITATION] Information rules: le regole dell'economia dell'informazione
C Shapiro… - 1999 - Etas
C Shapiro… - American Economic Review, 1985 - ideas.repec.org
If you experience problems downloading a file, check if you have the proper application to
view it first. Information about this may be contained in the File-Format links below. In case of
further problems read the IDEAS help page. Note that these files are not on the IDEAS site ...
[CITATION] andJ. E. Stiglitz
C Shapiro - Equilibrium Unemployment as s Worker Discipline …, 1984
J Farrell… - Problems of coordination in economic activity, 1994 - Springer
The diffusion of a technological advance is seldom smooth. Typically, some users hesitate to
adopt a new technology until others have done so. And even when a new technology is
adopted, different early users often choose distinct and perhaps incompatible versions of ...
[CITATION] Information Rules. 1999
C Shapiro… - Harvard Business School Press, Boston, MA
[CITATION] Information Rules: A Strategic Guide to the Network Economy'Harvard Business School Press, 1999
C Shapiro… - Italiana Etas, 1999
[CITATION] Online zum Erfolg: Strategie für das Internet-Business
C Shapiro… - 1999 - Wirtschaftsverl. Langen Müller/ …
C Shapiro - American Law and Economics Review, 2010 - rpproxy.iii.com
Abstract A simple model is developed to study royalty negotiations between a patent holder
and a downstream firm whose product is more valuable if it includes a feature covered by
the patent. The downstream firm must make specific investments to develop, design, and ...
JA Ordover… - Wayne L. Rev., 1984 - HeinOnline
1168 WAYNE LAW REVIEW [Vol. 31:1167 maintain its share of car sales in the US As Table
1 indicates, the import market share of US car sales has been increasing steadily during the
past decade. Whereas only a decade ago imports amounted to about fourteen percent of ...
[CITATION] Information Rules: A Strategic Guide to the Information Economy
C Shapiro… - 1999 - Harvard Business School Press
C Shapiro… - Privatization: Critical Perspectives on the …, 1996 - books.google.com
In this chapter we seek to identify, at a fundamental theoretical level, the impacts of
privatization on the operations of an enterprise. We conduct our analysis in an abstract
framework that is rich enough to represent considerations of both efficiency in ...
[CITATION] A Guide to Test Market Predation
S Salop… - Unpublished manuscript, 1980
[CITATION] Linux adoption in the Public Sector: An economic analysis
C Shapiro… - 2004 - … , UC, Berkeley, CA, available at http:/ …
[CITATION] Information Rules: A Strategic Guide to the
C Shapiro… - 1999
[CITATION] A century of antitrust and legal thinking
W Kovacic… - Journal of Economic Perspectives, 2000
Abstract We analyze a duopoly model of mnltiperiod rivalry in the presence of consumer
switching costs. Competition for locked—in buyers is continually intermingled with
competition for new, uncommitted buy-ers. A typical equilibrium pattern is for the ...
C Shapiro - Antitrust LJ, 2008 - HeinOnline
The Microsoft case is unquestionably the most visible antitrust case since the breakup of
AT&T twenty-five years ago. Looking back some six years since the district court's Final
Judgment was entered in November 2002, and some ten years since Microsoft's illegal ...
C Shapiro - Antitrust Magazine, Summer, 2003 - faculty.haas.berkeley.edu
The danger to competition inherent in patent settlements between rivals should be self-
evident. Suppose that Firm A asserts a narrow patent against its sole rival, Firm B. Firm B
claims that Firm A's patent is invalid, insists that it does not infringe the patent, and argues ...
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