J Gruber… - 1999 - nber.org
In almost every industrialized country, the population is aging rapidly, and individuals are
living longer. These demographic trends have placed enormous pressure on the financial
viability of the social security systems in these countries. The financial pressure is ...
J Gruber - The American Economic Review, 1994 - JSTOR
I consider the labor-market effects of mandates which raise the costs of employing a
demographically identifiable group. The efficiency of these policies will be largely
dependent on the extent to which their costs are shifted to group-specific wages. I study ...
J Gruber… - 2000 - nber.org
A standard model of addictive process is Becker and Murphy's rational addiction'model,
which has the key empirical prediction that the current consumption of addictive goods
should respond to future prices, and the key normative prediction that the optimal ...
DM Cutler… - The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 1996 - qje.oxfordjournals.org
Abstract The cost of expanding public sector health programs depends critically on the
extent to which public eligibility will cover just the uninsured, or will crowd out existing
private insurance coverage. We estimate the extent of crowd-out arising from the ...
J Gruber - 1994 - nber.org
Previous research on unemployment insurance (UI) has focused on the costs of the
program, in terms of the distorting effects of generous UI benefits on worker and firm
behavior. For assessing the optimal size of an unemployment insurance program, ...
J Gruber, K Milligan… - 2009 - nber.org
This is the introduction and summary to the fourth phase of an ongoing project on Social
Security Programs and Retirement Around the World. The first phase described the
retirement incentives inherent in plan provisions and documented the strong relationship ...
J Currie… - 1994 - nber.org
A key question for health care reform in the US is whether expanded health insurance
eligibility will lead to improvements in health outcomes. We address this question in the
context of dramatic expansions in the Medicaid eligibility for pregnant women that took ...
J Currie… - The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 1996 - qje.oxfordjournals.org
Abstract We study the effect of public insurance for children on their utilization of medical
care and health outcomes by exploiting recent expansions of the Medicaid program to low-
income children. These expansions doubled the fraction of children eligible for Medicaid ...
J Gruber - 1995 - nber.org
Despite the growing reliance on payroll taxation worldwide, there is limited evidence on the
incidence of payroll taxes. I provide new evidence by examining the experience of Chile
before and after the privatization of its Social Security system. This policy change led to a ...
J Gruber… - 2002 - nber.org
To measure how policy changes affect social welfare, economists typically look at how
policies affect behavior, and use a formal model to infer welfare consequences from the
behavioral responses. But when different models can map the same behavior to very ...
M Baker, J Gruber… - 2005 - nber.org
The growing labor force participation of women with small children in both the US and
Canada has led to calls for increased public financing for childcare. The optimality of public
financing depends on a host of factors, such as the “crowd-out” of existing childcare ...
C Coile… - 2000 - nber.org
A critical question for Social Security policy is how program incentives affect retirement
behavior. We use the wealth of new data available through the Health and Retirement
Survey (HRS) to examine the impact of Social Security incentives on male retirement. We ...
J Gruber - 1996 - nber.org
Disability Insurance (DI) is a public program that provides income support to persons unable
to continue work due to disability. The difficulty of defining disability, however, has raised the
possibility that this program may be subsidizing the early retirement of workers who are ...
EM Engen… - Journal of monetary Economics, 2001 - Elsevier
Models of precautionary saving imply that households will hold more assets when faced with
greater income uncertainty. However, previous empirical studies of income uncertainty have
produced somewhat mixed support for the precautionary saving hypothesis. In this paper, ...
J Gruber… - 1994 - nber.org
Theinduced demand'model states that in the face of negative income shocks physicians may
exploit their agency relationship with patients by providing excessive care in order to
maintain their incomes. We test this model by exploiting an exogenous change in the ...
J Gruber… - The American Economic Review, 1998 - JSTOR
In almost every industrialized country, the population is aging rapidly, and individuals are
living longer. The ratio of the number of persons age 65 and over to the number age 20-64 is
shown Figure 1 now and in future years for 11 countries. The increase is striking in almost ...
J Gruber… - The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 1994 - qje.oxfordjournals.org
Abstract The Tax Reform Act of 1986 introduced a new tax subsidy for health insurance
purchases by the self-employed. We analyze the changing patterns of insurance demand
before and after tax reform to generate new estimates of how the after-tax price of ...
J Gruber… - 2001 - nber.org
One of the most striking trends in the behavior of youths in the United States during the
1990s has been the increased incidence of smoking. After steadily declining over the
previous fifteen years, youth smoking began to rise precipitously in 1992. By 1997, ...
P Diamond… - 1999 - nber.org
The largest entitlement program in the United States today is the social security program.
Social security benefits payments in 1993 amounted to $267.8 billion, which is over 18
percent of the federal budget and over 4 percent of US GDP in that year; this represents a ...
J Gruber… - 1997 - nber.org
Recent theoretical work suggests that means and asset-tested social insurance programs
can explain the low savings of lower income households in the US We assess the validity of
this hypothesis by investigating the effect of Medicaid, the health insurance program for ...
J Gruber… - 1990 - nber.org
Workers' compensation insurance provides cash payments and medical benefits to workers
who incur a work-related injury or illness. Many features of the workers' compensation
program parallel features of proposed mandated employer-paid health insurance plans. ...
J Gruber - Handbook of health economics, 2000 - Elsevier
Abstract A distinctive feature of the health insurance market in the US is the restriction of
group insurance availability to the workplace. This has a number of important implications
for the functioning of the labor market, through mobility from job-to-job or in and out of the ...
LH Summers, J Gruber… - 1992 - nber.org
We propose an explanation for the wide variation in rates of taxation across developed
economies, based on differences in labor market institutions. In" corporatist" economies,
which feature centralized labor markets, taxes on labor input will be less distortionary than ...
J Gruber - 2004 - books.google.com
In the past twenty years, the field of public finance has undergone a dramatic evolution, with
a growing interest in the study of transfer programs and social insurance. The field has also
moved from predominantly theoretic approaches to putting more emphasis on high-quality ...
J Gruber - Journal of Labor Economics, 2004 - JSTOR
I assess the long-run implications for children of growing up in a unilateral divorce
environment, which increases the ease of divorce by not requiring the explicit consent of
both partners. Using 40 years of census data to exploit the variation across states and ...
S Dynarski, J Gruber, RA Moffitt… - Brookings Papers on …, 1997 - JSTOR
THE LABOR MARKET in the United States is marked by considerable year-to-year variation
in individual earnings.'In theory, variation in the earnings of family heads need not be a
source of welfare loss to families. Families can rely on their own savings, the labor supply ...
J Gruber… - 2002 - nber.org
This paper provides a critical review of the empirical literature on the relationship between
health insurance, labor supply, and job mobility. We review over 50 papers on this topic,
almost exclusively written in the last 10 years. We reach five conclusions. First, there is ...
J Gruber… - 1993 - nber.org
Because individuals aged 55-64 face large and uncertain medical expenditures without the
guarantee of public insurance coverage provided by Medicare, the availability of post-
retirement health insurance could be an important determinant in the retirement decisions ...
JB Cullen… - Journal of Labor Economics, 2000 - JSTOR
Previous research on unemployment insurance (UI) has emphasized the program's effect on
individual search behavior. This state-contingent income may also reduce the labor supply
of family members during the unemployment spell. We investigate this question within the ...
J Gruber, P Levine… - The Quarterly Journal of …, 1999 - qje.oxfordjournals.org
Abstract We examine the impact of increased abortion availability on the average living
standards of children through a selection effect. Would the marginal child who was not born
have grown up in different circumstances than the average child? We use variation in the ...
C Coile… - 2001 - nber.org
One of the most striking labor force phenomena of the second half of the twentieth century
has been the rapid decline in the labor force participation rate of older men. In 1950, for
example, 81 percent of sixty-two-yearold men were in the labor force; by 1995, this figure ...
AA Aaron, A Banerjee, N Barr… - The American …, 2004 - econ.upenn.edu
I frequently find economists who express a view of the system that is very far from mine. For
example, many young economists and economics students say that they expect to get no
benefits at all from Social Security. This expectation does not seem sensible to me. If there ...
J Gruber… - Journal of Health Economics, 2006 - Elsevier
The strong negative correlation over time between smoking rates and obesity have led some
to suggest that reduced smoking is increasing weight gain in the US This conclusion is
supported by the findings of Chou et al.[Chou, S.-Y., Grossman, M., Saffer, H., 2004. An ...
J Gruber… - 2001 - nber.org
The single most important long run fiscal issue facing the developed world is the aging of its
populations. In virtually every developed country, there will be a steep increase in the ratio of
the elderly to the working age population over the first half of the 21st century. The ...
J Gruber - 2005 - nber.org
Religion plays an important role in the lives of many Americans, but there is relatively little
study by economists of the implications of religiosity for economic outcomes. This likely
reflects the enormous difficulty inherent in separating the causal effects of religiosity from ...
J Gruber… - Journal of Public Economics, 2004 - Elsevier
One of the most cogent criticisms of excise taxes is their regressivity, with lower income
groups spending a much larger share of their income on goods such as cigarettes than do
higher income groups. We argue that traditional quantity-based measures of incidence ...
J Gruber… - Journal of Public Economics, 2004 - Elsevier
We investigate the impact of tax subsidies on the firm's decision to offer insurance, and on
conditional firm spending on insurance. We do so using the micro-data underlying the
Employment Cost Index, which has a major advantage for this exercise: the matching of ...
C Coile, P Diamond, J Gruber… - Journal of Public Economics, 2002 - Elsevier
This paper focuses on Social Security benefit claiming behavior, a take-up decision that has
been ignored in the previous literature. Using financial calculations and simulations based
on an expected utility maximization model, we show that delaying benefit claim for a ...
J Gruber - Journal of Health Economics, 1994 - Elsevier
Abstract Since higher charges to private patients are a major source of financing for hospital
care to the uninsured, increased price shopping by private payers may mean that hospitals
are less able to provide such care. I study the effect of increased price shopping on ...
J Gruber… - Industrial and Labor Relations Review, 1994 - JSTOR
The authors study a policy of limited insurance portability that has been adopted by a
number of states and the federal government over the past 20 years. They find that these"
continuation of coverage" mandates, which grant individuals the right to continue ...
J Gruber… - 2000 - nber.org
The Social Security earnings test, a version of which still applies to those ages 62-64,
reduces immediate payments to beneficiaries whose labor income exceeds a given
threshold. Although benefits are subsequently increased to compensate for any such ...
J Gruber… - Journal of Public Economics, 1997 - Elsevier
We investigate the effects of trying to mitigate moral hazard in the Disability Insurance (DI)
program by raising the stringency of the screening process for applicants. We do so by
studying a dramatic increase in rejection rates for the DI program in the late 1970s, which ...
J Gruber… - Journal of Public Economics, 2007 - Elsevier
Interest in religious organizations as providers of social services has increased dramatically
in recent years. Churches in the US were a crucial provider of social services through the
early part of the twentieth century, but their role shrank dramatically with the expansion in ...
BC Madrian, G Burtless… - Brookings Papers on Economic Activity, 1994 - JSTOR
FOR DECADES health insurance in the United States has been provided to most nonelderly
Americans through their own or a family member's employment. This system of employment-
based health insurance has evolved largely because of the substantial cost advantages ...
J Gruber… - Journal of Health Economics, 2008 - Elsevier
Ten years ago, Cutler and Gruber [Cutler, D., Gruber, J., 1996. Does public health insurance
crowdout private insurance? Quarterly Journal of Economics 111, 391–430] suggested that
crowd-out might be quite large, but much subsequent research has questioned this ...
J Gruber - Journal of Public Economics, 1994 - Elsevier
Abstract One popular explanation for the low rate of employee health insurance coverage is
the presence of numerous state regulations which mandate that group health insurance
plans must include certain benefits. By raising the minimum cost of providing any health ...
J Gruber, A Sen… - Journal of Health Economics, 2003 - Elsevier
Abstract A central parameter for evaluating tax policies is the price elasticity of demand for
cigarettes. But in many countries this parameter is difficult to estimate reliably due to
widespread smuggling, which significantly biases estimates using legal sales data. An ...
J Gruber - 2000 - nber.org
The continued rise in the number of non-elderly Americans without health insurance has led
to considerable interest in tax-based policies to raise the level of insurance coverage. This
paper describes a detailed microsimulation model that has been developed to evaluate ...
J Gruber - 2001 - nber.org
There are a host of potentially risky behaviors in which youths engage, all of which have
important implications for both their well-being and their life prospects. Activities such as
smoking, drinking, having sex, and taking drugs are generally first encountered before ...
J Gruber - The Journal of Economic Perspectives, 2001 - JSTOR
Background Facts on Smoking and the Tobacco Industry Figure 1 graphs the number of
cigarettes consumed per capita in the United States back to 1940 (Orzechowski and Walker,
2000). 1 Cigarette consumption grew steadily until the early 1950s (continuing a trend that ...
C Coile… - The review of Economics and Statistics, 2007 - MIT Press
Abstract A critical question for Social Security policy is how program incentives affect
retirement behavior. We use the Health and Retirement Survey (HRS) to examine the impact
of Social Security incentives on male retirement. We implement forward-looking models ...
GV Engelhardt… - 2004 - nber.org
We use data from the March 1968-2001 Current Population Surveys to document the
evolution of elderly poverty over this time period, and to assess the causal role of the Social
Security program in reducing poverty rates. We develop an instrumental variable ...
J Gruber… - 1993 - nber.org
While National Health Insurance (NHI) plans in the US are often opposed on the basis of
their potential disemployment effects, there is no existing evidence on the effects of NHI on
employment. We provide such evidence by examining the employment consequences of ...
J Gruber… - Journal of Public Economics, 1997 - Elsevier
We study the interrelationship between employment separation and insurance coverage.
We first document that employment separation is associated with large reductions in
insurance coverage, even conditioning on underlying tastes for insurance. We then show ...
J Gruber - 2000 - nber.org
After steadily declining over the previous 15 years, youth smoking began to rise
precipitously in 1992, and by 1997 had risen by roughly one-third from its 1991 trough. We
know very little about what caused this time trend and what public policy can do to reverse ...
DM Cutler, J Gruber, RS Hartman… - Journal of Policy …, 2002 - Wiley Online Library
Abstract Recent litigation against the major tobacco companies culminated in a master
settlement agreement (MSA) under which the participating companies agreed to
compensate most states for Medicaid expenses. Here the terms of the settlement are ...
J Gruber… - 2007 - books.google.com
The future of Social Security is troubled, both in the United States and in most other
developed countries with aging populations. As improvements in health care and changes
in life styles enable retirees to live longer than ever before, the stress on national budgets ...
J Gruber - 2000 - nber.org
Most states in the US allow for unilateral divorce, which increases the ease of divorce by not
requiring the explicit consent of both partners. Such regulations have come under fire for
their perceived negative consequences for marital stability and resulting child outcomes, ...
J Gruber… - 2002 - nber.org
The traditional normative analysis of government policy towards addictive bads is carried out
in the context of a'rational addiction'model, whereby the only role for government is in
correcting the external costs of consumption of such goods. But available evidence is at ...
A Chandra, J Gruber… - 2007 - nber.org
Patient cost-sharing for primary care and prescription drugs is designed to reduce the
prevalence of moral hazard in medical utilization. Yet the success of this strategy depends
on two factors: the elasticity of demand for those medical goods, and the risk of ...
J Gruber - Industrial and Labor Relations Review, 2001 - JSTOR
Many studies have investigated the adequacy of unemployment insurance (UI) benefits as a
form of income replacement, but few have looked at other resources with which the
unemployed can finance their unemployment spells. This paper focuses on one form of ...
J Gruber… - 1996 - nber.org
We consider the role of spousal labor supply as insurance against spells of unemployment.
Standard theory suggests that women should work more when their husbands are out of
work (the Added Worker Effect or AWE), but there has been little empirical support for this ...
J Gruber… - 2006 - nber.org
Recently economists have begun to consider the causes and consequences of religious
participation. An unanswered question in this literature is the effect upon individuals of
changes in the opportunity cost of religious participation. In this paper we identify a policy- ...
J Gruber - 2006 - nber.org
used an Euler equation framework to estimate the EIS, relating the growth rate of
consumption to the after-tax interest rate facing consumers. This large literature has,
however, produced very mixed results, perhaps due to an important limitation: the impact ...
J Gruber… - Industrial & Labor Relations …, 2005 - digitalcommons.ilr.cornell.edu
314 INDUSTRIAL AND LABOR RELATIONS REVIEW the University's reputation to attract
high-paying students for its various programs. Having a public university spin off a private
college is consistent with sustained roles for private education and could be consistent ...
J Gruber… - Journal of Health Economics, 2003 - Elsevier
We explore the causes of the dramatic rise in employee contributions to health insurance
over the past two decades. In 1982, 44% of those who were covered by their employer-
provided health insurance had their costs fully financed by their employer, but by 1998 this ...
M Baker, J Gruber… - Canadian Journal of …, 2003 - Wiley Online Library
Abstract Canada has a large Income Security system for retirement that provides significant
and widely varying disincentives to work at older ages. We provide an empirical analysis of
the retirement incentives of the Canadian Income Security system using a new ...
DM Cutler… - The American Economic Review, 1996 - JSTOR
One of the most important changes in the health insurance marketplace in the United States
over the past 30 years was the expansion of the Medicaid program for children and pregnant
women from the mid-1980's through the early-1990's. Until 1986, Medicaid coverage was ...
J Gruber… - 1996 - nber.org
The dramatic postwar decline in the labor force participation of older men in the United
States has motivated a sizable body of literature on retirement behavior. Three factors, in
particular, have been studied extensively: the growth of the Social Security program (see, ...
JT Abaluck… - 2009 - nber.org
The Medicare Part D Prescription Drug Plan represents the most significant privatization of
the delivery of a public insurance benefit in recent history, with dozens of private insurers
offering a wide range of products with varying prices and product features; the typical ...
J Gruber - Journal of Public Economics, 2004 - Elsevier
The economic argument for subsidizing charitable giving relies on the positive externalities
of charitable activities, particularly from the religious institutions that are the largest
recipients of giving. But the net external effects of subsidies to religious giving will also ...
DM Cutler… - Health Affairs, 1997 - economics.harvard.edu
Health insurance coverage of women and children in the United States over the past decade
has been marked by two striking trends. The first is a dramatic increase in coverage through
Medicaid—the public insurance program that covers low-income women and children, ...
J Currie, J Gruber… - 1994 - nber.org
While efforts to improve the health of the uninsured have focused on demand side policies
such as increasing insurance coverage, supply side changes may be equally important. Yet
there is little direct evidence on the effect of policies designed to increase the supply of ...
J Currie… - 1997 - nber.org
Two key issues for public insurance policy are the effect of insurance status on medical
treatment, and the implications of insurance-induced treat-ment differentials for health
outcomes. We address these issues in the context of the treatment of childbirth, using Vital ...
J Gruber - 1997 - nber.org
Government transfers to older persons in Canada are one of the largest and fastest growing"
components of the government budget. I provide an overview of the interaction between
these" transfer programs and retirement behavior. I begin by documenting historical trends ...
J Gruber… - Journal of Health Economics, 2005 - Elsevier
One approach to covering the uninsured that is frequently advocated by policy-makers is
subsidizing the employee portion of employer-provided health insurance premiums. But,
since the vast majority of those offered employer-provided health insurance already take it ...
J Gruber… - 1996 - nber.org
The value of employer-provided health insurance is excluded from an individual's federal
and state taxable income and from the social security tax base. These exclusions provide an
incentive for individuals and firms to structure compensation arrangements so that ...
J Currie… - Journal of Public Economics, 2001 - Elsevier
We investigate the impact of expanding public health insurance on the medical treatment
received by women at childbirth, using Vital Statistics data on every birth in the US over the
1987–1992 period. The effects of insurance status on treatment are identified using the ...
M Feldstein… - 1995 - nber.org
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY This paper examines the implications of a" major-risk" approach to
health insurance using thta from the National Medical Expenditure Survey. We study the
impact of switching from existing coverage to a policy with a 50 percent coinsurance rate ...
A Finkelstein, S Taubman, B Wright, M Bernstein… - 2011 - nber.org
In 2008, a group of uninsured low-income adults in Oregon was selected by lottery to be
given the chance to apply for Medicaid. This lottery provides a unique opportunity to gauge
the effects of expanding access to public health insurance on the health care use, ...
J Gruber - Journal of Public Economics, 2000 - Elsevier
While there has been considerable research on the disincentive effects of cash welfare
under the Aid to Families with Dependent Children (AFDC) program, there is little evidence
on the benefits of the program for single mothers and their children. One potential benefit ...
J Gruber - 1992 - nber.org
I consider the effects of" group-specific mandated benefits", such as mandated maternity
leave, which raise the costs of employing a demographically identifiable group. The
efficiency of these policies, relative to more broad-based financing of benefits expansions, ...
J Gruber - The American Economic Review, 2001 - JSTOR
One of the most striking trends in the behavior of youth in the United States during the 1990's
has been the increased incidence of smoking. After steadily declining over the previous 15
years, youth smoking began to rise precipitously in 1992. By 1997, smoking by teenagers ...
J Gruber - 1992 - nber.org
The last ten years have seen the introduction of price shopping into medical markets which
were previously dominated by price insensitive consumers. Price shopping has been
facilitated by the advent of the Preferred Provider Organization (PPO), which coordinates ...
EO Ananat, J Gruber, PB Levine… - 2006 - nber.org
The introduction of legalized abortion in the early 1970s led to dramatic changes in fertility
behavior. Some research has suggested as well that there were important impacts on cohort
outcomes, but this literature has been limited and controversial. In this paper, we provide a ...
C Coile… - 2004 - nber.org
One of the most striking labor force phenomena of the second half of the twentieth century in
the United States has been the rapid decline in the labor force participation rate of older
men. In 1950, for example, 81 percent of sixty-two-year-old men were in the labor force; by ...
GV Engelhardt, J Gruber… - Journal of Human Resources, 2005 - jhr.uwpress.org
Abstract Previous studies of the effect of Social Security on elderly living arrangements
generally have relied on data from the distant past or differences in benefits across families
or cohorts that potentially were correlated with other determinants of living arrangements. ...
J Gruber - 2005 - nber.org
Executive Summary Despite a $140 billion existing tax break for employer-provided health
insurance, tax policy remains the tool of choice for many policymakers in addressing the
problem of the uninsured. In this paper, I use a microsimulation model to estimate the ...
J Gruber - Regulation, 2002 - catostore.org
REGULATION WINTER 2002-2003 53 system) is solely a function of the externalities that
smokers impose on others. Because smoking, like all other consumption decisions, is
governed by rational choice, the fact that smokers impose enormous costs on themselves ...
EO Ananat, J Gruber… - 2004 - nber.org
Previous research has convincingly shown that abortion legalization in the early 1970s led
to a significant drop in fertility at that time. But this decline may have either represented a
delay in births from a point where they were have represented a permanent reduction in ...
L Dafny… - Journal of Public Economics, 2005 - Elsevier
The 1983–1996 period saw enormous expansions in access to public health insurance for
low-income children. We explore the impact of these expansions on child hospitalizations.
While greater access to inpatient care may increase hospital utilization, improved ...
J Gruber… - 2006 - kff.org
Medical expenses are one of the most important risks that American households face today.
For almost 6% of US families, for example, there is a more than a $5,000 increase in medical
spending from one year to the next. As a result, most Americans insure their medical ...
J Gruber - International journal of health care finance and …, 2001 - Springer
A central question in health economics is the extent to which this tax subsidization matters
for the health insurance coverage of the US population. I assess the impact of taxes on
health insurance by using the considerable existing variation in tax subsidies, both at a ...
[CITATION] Unemployment insurance, consumption smoothing, and private insurance: evidence from the PSID and CEX
J Gruber - Research in Employment Policy, 1998
J Gruber… - Issues in Brief, 2003 - ideas.repec.org
The Social Security earnings test is one of the least popular features of Social Security. It
also is one of the most widely misunderstood. This issue in brief discusses how the earnings
test functions and examines options for reform.
[CITATION] Social Security and Retirement Around the World: Micro Estimation
J Gruber, DA Wise… - 2002 - National Bureau of Economic …
J Gruber… - Economic Effects of Fundamental Tax …, 1996 - books.google.com
HE FEDERAL income tax currently excludes most fringe benefits from taxation. The two most
important are employer-financed health insurance and pension plans. Each reduces federal
income tax revenues by nearly $60 billion a year. Most current tax reform proposals would ...
J Gruber… - Taxing Corporate Income in the 21st Century …, 2007 - books.google.com
The federal government of the United States primarily finances its expenditures from income
taxation, at both the individual and corporate levels. Traditionally, corporate income taxation
was about half as large as individual income taxation as a source of federal revenue; ...
DC Grabowski… - Journal of health economics, 2007 - Elsevier
Nursing home expenditures are a rapidly growing share of national health care spending
with the government functioning as the dominant payer of services. Public insurance for
nursing home care is tightly targeted on income and assets, which imposes a major tax on ...
J Gruber… - 2002 - nber.org
Most social security systems around the world are operated on a pay-asyou-go (or PAYGO)
basis. Taxes collected from working people today are routed directly to pay the benefits of
current retirees. Now these systems are faced with rapidly aging populations, increasing ...
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