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The O-ring theory of economic development

[PDF] from oxfordjournals.org
M Kremer - The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 1993 - qje.oxfordjournals.org
Abstract This paper proposes a production function describing processes subject to
mistakes in any of several tasks. It shows that high-skill workers—those who make few
mistakes—will be matched together in equilibrium, and that wages and output will rise ...
Cited by 1060 - Related articles - BL Direct - All 20 versions

Population growth and technological change: one million BC to 1990

[PDF] from oxfordjournals.org
M Kremer - The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 1993 - qje.oxfordjournals.org
Abstract The nonrivalry of technology, as modeled in the endogenous growth Uterature,
implies that high population spurs technological change. This paper constructs and
empirically tests a model of long-run world population growth combining this implication ...
Cited by 895 - Related articles - BL Direct - All 47 versions

Worms: identifying impacts on education and health in the presence of treatment externalities

[PDF] from givewell.org
E Miguel… - Econometrica, 2004 - Wiley Online Library
Intestinal helminths—including hookworm, roundworm, whipworm, and schistosomiasis—
infect more than one-quarter of the world's population. Studies in which medical treatment is
randomized at the individual level potentially doubly underestimate the benefits of ...
Cited by 776 - Related articles - BL Direct - All 116 versions

Good Policy or Good Luck?

W Easterly, M Kremer, L Pritchett… - Journal of Monetary …, 1993 - Elsevier
Abstract Much of the new growth literature stresses country characteristics, such as
education levels or political stability, as the dominant determinant of growth. However,
growth rates are highly unstable over time, with a correlation across decades of 0.1 to 0.3, ...
Cited by 743 - Related articles - BL Direct - All 21 versions

Disorganization

[PDF] from oxfordjournals.org
O Blanchard… - The Quarterly Journal of …, 1997 - qje.oxfordjournals.org
Abstract Under central planning, many firms relied on a single supplier for critical inputs.
Transition has led to decentralized bargaining between suppliers and buyers. Under
incomplete contracts or asymmetric information, bargaining may inefficiently break down, ...
Cited by 734 - Related articles - BL Direct - All 24 versions

Vouchers for private schooling in Colombia: Evidence from a randomized natural experiment

[PDF] from worldbank.org
J Angrist, E Bettinger, E Bloom, E King… - 2001 - nber.org
Colombia's PACES program provided over 125,000 pupils from poor neighborhoods with
vouchers that covered approximately half the cost of private secondary school. Since many
vouchers were allocated by lottery, we use differences in outcomes between lottery ...
Cited by 462 - Related articles - BL Direct - All 62 versions

Wage inequality and segregation by skill

[PDF] from nyu.edu
M Kremer… - 1996 - nber.org
Evidence from the US, Britain, and France suggests that recent growth in wage inequality
has been accompanied by greater segregation of high-and low-skill workers into separate
firms. A model in which workers of different skill-levels are imperfect substitutes can ...
Cited by 418 - Related articles - BL Direct - All 14 versions

Missing in action: teacher and health worker absence in developing countries

[PDF] from research4development.info
N Chaudhury, J Hammer, M Kremer… - The Journal of …, 2006 - ingentaconnect.com
Abstract: In this paper, we report results from surveys in which enumerators made
unannounced visits to primary schools and health clinics in Bangladesh, Ecuador, India,
Indonesia, Peru and Uganda and recorded whether they found teachers and health ...
Cited by 326 - Related articles - BL Direct - All 34 versions

Using randomization in development economics research: A toolkit

[PDF] from aniket.co.uk
E Duflo, R Glennerster… - Handbook of development economics, 2007 - Elsevier
Abstract This paper is a practical guide (a toolkit) for researchers, students and practitioners
wishing to introduce randomization as part of a research design in the field. It first covers the
rationale for the use of randomization, as a solution to selection bias and a partial solution ...
Cited by 322 - Related articles - BL Direct - All 63 versions

Patent buy-outs: A mechanism for encouraging innovation

[PDF] from oxfordjournals.org
M Kremer - 1997 - nber.org
In 1839, the French government purchased the patent on the Daguerreotype process and"
placed it in the public domain. This paper examines a mechanism under which
governments" would use an auction to estimate the private value of patents and then offer ...
Cited by 298 - Related articles - BL Direct - All 23 versions

Schools, teachers, and education outcomes in developing countries

[PDF] from northsouth.edu
P Glewwe… - Handbook of the Economics of Education, 2006 - Elsevier
Abstract About 80% of the world's children live in developing countries. Their well-being as
adults depends heavily on the education they receive. School enrollment rates have
increased dramatically in developing counties since 1960, but many children still leave ...
Cited by 289 - Related articles - All 39 versions

Teacher incentives

[PDF] from umn.edu
P Glewwe, N Ilias… - 2003 - nber.org
Advocates of teacher incentive programs argue that they can strengthen weak incentives,
while opponents argue they lead to teaching to the test.'We find evidence that existing
teacher incentives in Kenya are indeed weak, with teachers absent 20% of the time. We ...
Cited by 270 - Related articles - BL Direct - All 56 versions

How much does sorting increase inequality?

[PDF] from oxfordjournals.org
M Kremer - The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 1997 - qje.oxfordjournals.org
Abstract Some commentators argue that increased sorting into internally homogeneous
neighborhoods, schools, and marriages is radically polarizing society. Calibration of a
formal model, however, suggests that the steady-state standard deviation of education ...
Cited by 203 - Related articles - BL Direct - All 26 versions

The illusion of sustainability

[PDF] from oxfordjournals.org
M Kremer… - The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 2007 - qje.oxfordjournals.org
Abstract We use a randomized evaluation of a Kenyan deworming program to estimate peer
effects in technology adoption and to shed light on foreign aid donors' movement towards
sustainable community provision of public goods. Deworming is a public good since much ...
Cited by 206 - Related articles - BL Direct - All 82 versions

Use of randomization in the evaluation of development effectiveness

[PDF] from bu.edu
E Duflo… - Evaluating Development Effectiveness, 2005 - books.google.com
Historically, prospective randomized evaluations of development programs have constituted
a tiny fraction of all development evaluations. In this paper we argue that there is scope for
considerably expanding their use, although they must necessarily remain a small fraction ...
Cited by 194 - Related articles - All 35 versions

Teacher absence in India: A snapshot

[PDF] from berkeley.edu
M Kremer, N Chaudhury, FH Rogers… - Journal of the …, 2005 - Wiley Online Library
Abstract Twenty-five percent of teachers were absent from school, and only about half were
teaching, during unannounced visits to a nationally representative sample of government
primary schools in India. Absence rates varied from 15% in Maharashtra to 42% in ...
Cited by 195 - Related articles - All 32 versions

Pharmaceuticals and the developing world

[PDF] from unc.edu
M Kremer - The Journal of Economic Perspectives, 2002 - JSTOR
The role of pharmaceuticals and medical technology in improving health in developing
countries stands in contrast to the historical experience of the devel? oped countries.
Historically, health in currently developed countries improved largely due to higher ...
Cited by 187 - Related articles - BL Direct - All 22 versions

[PDF] Creating Markets for New Vaccines-Part I: Rationale

[PDF] from nber.org
M Kremer - 2001 - nber.org
Executive Summary Malaria, tuberculosis, and the strains of HW common in Africa kill
approximately five million people each year. Yet research on vaccines for these diseases
remains minimallargely because potential vaccine developers fear that they would not be ...
Cited by 180 - Related articles - View as HTML - All 19 versions

Integrating behavioral choice into epidemiological models of AIDS

[PDF] from oxfordjournals.org
M Kremer - The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 1996 - qje.oxfordjournals.org
Abstract Increased HIV risk creates incentives for people with low sexual activity to reduce
their activity, but may make high-activity people fatalistic, leading them to reduce their activity
only slightly, or actually increase it. If high-activity people reduce their activity by a smaller ...
Cited by 174 - Related articles - BL Direct - All 15 versions

Long-term consequences of secondary school vouchers: Evidence from administrative records in Colombia

[PDF] from duke.edu
J Angrist, E Bettinger… - 2004 - nber.org
Colombia's PACES program provided over 125,000 poor children with vouchers that
covered half the cost of private secondary school. The vouchers were renewable annually
conditional on adequate academic progress. Since many vouchers were assigned by ...
Cited by 173 - Related articles - BL Direct - All 59 versions

[BOOK] Strong medicine: creating incentives for pharmaceutical research on neglected diseases

[HTML] from princeton.edu
M Kremer… - 2004 - books.google.com
Millions of people in the third world die from diseases that are rare in the first world--
diseases like malaria, tuberculosis, and schistosomiasis. AIDS, which is now usually treated
in rich countries, still ravages the world's poor. Vaccines offer the best hope for controlling ...
Cited by 165 - Related articles - All 10 versions

Randomized evaluations of educational programs in developing countries: Some lessons

[PDF] from givewell.net
M Kremer - The American Economic Review, 2003 - JSTOR
This paper reviews recent randomized evaluations of educational programs in developing
countries, including programs to increase school participation, to provide educational inputs,
and to reform education. It then extracts some lessons for education policy and for the ...
Cited by 159 - Related articles - All 41 versions

Incentives to learn

[PDF] from escholarship.org
M Kremer, E Miguel… - 2004 - nber.org
We report results from a randomized evaluation of a merit scholarship program for
adolescent girls in Kenya. Girls who scored well on academic exams had their school fees
paid and received a cash grant for school supplies. Girls eligible for the scholarship ...
Cited by 156 - Related articles - All 76 versions

Research on Schooling: What We Know and What We Don't A Comment on Hanushek

MR Kremer - The World Bank Research Observer, 1995 - JSTOR
Page 1. RESEARCH ON SCHOOLING: WHAT WE KNOW AND WHAT WE
DON'T A COMMENT ON HANUSHEK Michael R. Kremer I n his stimulating article,
Eric Hanushek argues that school quality bears little relationship to ...
Cited by 142 - Related articles - BL Direct - All 9 versions

Retrospective vs. prospective analyses of school inputs: the case of flip charts in Kenya

[PDF] from povertyactionlab.org
P Glewwe, M Kremer, S Moulin… - Journal of Development …, 2004 - Elsevier
This paper compares retrospective and prospective analyses of the effect of flip charts on
test scores in rural Kenyan schools. Retrospective estimates suggest that flip charts raise
test scores by up to 20% of a standard deviation. Yet prospective estimators based on a ...
Cited by 142 - Related articles - All 21 versions

Urban Sprawl: Lessons from Urban Economics [with Comments]

[PDF] from uci.edu
JK Brueckner, E Mills… - Brookings-Wharton papers on urban …, 2001 - JSTOR
strong sentiment against the phenomenon known as" urban sprawl" has emerged in the
United States over the past few years. Critics of sprawl argue that urban expansion
encroaches excessively on agricultural land, lead ing to a loss of amenity benefits from ...
Cited by 137 - Related articles - All 10 versions

Searching for prosperity

[PDF] from espol.edu.ec
M Kremer, A Onatski… - Carnegie-Rochester Conference Series on …, 2001 - Elsevier
Quah's [1993a] transition matrix analysis of world income distribution based on annual data
suggests an ergodic distribution with twin peaks at the rich and poor end of the distribution.
Since the ergodic distribution is a highly non-linear function of the underlying transition ...
Cited by 116 - Related articles - BL Direct - All 18 versions

Peer effects, teacher incentives, and the impact of tracking: Evidence from a randomized evaluation in Kenya

[PDF] from escholarship.org
E Duflo, P Dupas… - 2008 - nber.org
To the extent that students benefit from high-achieving peers, tracking will help strong
students and hurt weak ones. However, all students may benefit if tracking allows teachers
to present material at a more appropriate level. Lower-achieving pupils are particularly ...
Cited by 110 - Related articles - All 40 versions

Income distribution dynamics with endogenous fertility

[PDF] from duke.edu
M Kremer… - Journal of Economic Growth, 2002 - Springer
Developing countries with highly unequal income distributions, such as Brazil or South
Africa, face an uphill battle in reducing inequality. Educated workers in these countries have
a much lower birthrate than uneducated workers. Assuming children of educated workers ...
Cited by 107 - Related articles - BL Direct - All 31 versions

[PDF] Textbooks and test scores: Evidence from a prospective evaluation in Kenya

[PDF] from psu.edu
P Glewwe, M Kremer… - … . Cambridge, MA. Available on line at …, 2002 - Citeseer
Abstract Although there is intense debate about the effect of increased expenditure on
education in developed countries, there is widespread consensus that provision of textbooks
can substantially increase test scores in developing countries. This paper evaluates a ...
Cited by 103 - Related articles - View as HTML - All 13 versions

Peer effects and alcohol use among college students

[PDF] from poverty-action.org
M Kremer… - 2003 - nber.org
This paper examines a natural experiment in which students at a large state university were
randomly assigned roommates through a lottery system. We find that on average, males
assigned to roommates who reported drinking in the year prior to entering college had ...
Cited by 99 - Related articles - BL Direct - All 30 versions

School meals, educational achievement, and school competition: evidence from a randomized evaluation

[PDF] from worldbank.org
C Vermeersch… - World Bank Policy Research Working …, 2004 - papers.ssrn.com
Abstract: Vermeersch and Kremer examine the effects of subsidized school meals on school
participation, educational achievement, and school finance in a developing country setting.
They use data from a program that was implemented in 25 randomly chosen preschools in ...
Cited by 103 - Related articles - All 25 versions

Peer effects in drug use and sex among college students

[PDF] from umich.edu
GJ Duncan, J Boisjoly, M Kremer, DM Levy… - Journal of Abnormal …, 2005 - Springer
Past research suggests that congregating delinquent youth increases their likelihood of
problem behavior. We test for analogous peer effects in the drug use and sexual behavior of
male (n= 279) and female (n= 435) college students, using data on the characteristics of ...
Cited by 90 - Related articles - All 22 versions

Incentives in markets, firms, and governments

[PDF] from cerp.org.pk
D Acemoglu, M Kremer… - Journal of Law, Economics, …, 2008 - Oxford Univ Press
Abstract We construct a simple career concerns model where high-powered incentives can
distort the composition of effort by inducing excessive signaling. We show that in the
presence of this type of career concerns, markets typically fail to limit competitive ...
Cited by 83 - Related articles - BL Direct - All 47 versions

Odious debt

[PDF] from unirioja.es
M Kremer… - 2002 - nber.org
Some argue that sovereign debt incurred without the consent of the people and not for their
benefit, such as that of apartheid South Africa, should be considered odious and not
transferable to successor governments. We argue that an institution that truthfully ...
Cited by 82 - Related articles - BL Direct - All 31 versions

Creating markets for new vaccines part II: Design issues

[PDF] from psu.edu
M Kremer - 2000 - nber.org
Several programs have been proposed to improve incentives for research on vaccines for
malaria, tuberculosis, and HIV, and to help increase accessibility of vaccines once they are
developed. For these programs to spur research, potential vaccine developers must ...
Cited by 81 - Related articles - All 23 versions

Nudging farmers to use fertilizer: theory and experimental evidence from Kenya

[PDF] from povertyactionlab.org
E Duflo, M Kremer… - 2009 - nber.org
While many developing-country policymakers see heavy fertilizer subsidies as critical to
raising agricultural productivity, most economists see them as distortionary, regressive,
environmentally unsound, and argue that they result in politicized, inefficient distribution of ...
Cited by 86 - Related articles - All 59 versions

Incentives to learn

[PDF] from harvard.edu
M Kremer, E Miguel… - The Review of Economics and …, 2009 - MIT Press
Abstract We study a randomized evaluation of a merit scholarship program in which Kenyan
girls who scored well on academic exams had school fees paid and received a grant. Girls
showed substantial exam score gains, and teacher attendance improved in program ...
Cited by 79 - Related articles - All 11 versions

Elephants

[PDF] from montclair.edu
M Kremer… - American Economic Review, 2000 - JSTOR
Many open-access resources, such as elephants, are used to produce storable goods.
Anticipated future scarcity of these resources will increase current prices and poaching. This
implies that, for given initial conditions, there may be rational expectations equilibria ...
Cited by 77 - Related articles - BL Direct - All 8 versions

Many children left behind? Textbooks and test scores in Kenya

[PDF] from deved.org
P Glewwe, M Kremer… - 2007 - nber.org
A randomized evaluation suggests that a program which provided official textbooks to
randomly selected rural Kenyan primary schools did not increase test scores for the average
student. In contrast, the previous literature suggests that textbook provision has a large ...
Cited by 78 - Related articles - BL Direct - All 48 versions

What Works in Fighting Diarrheal Diseases in Developing Countries? A Critical Review

[PDF] from harvard.edu
AP Zwane… - The World Bank Research Observer, 2007 - World Bank
Abstract The Millennium Development Goals call for reducing by half the proportion of
people without sustainable access to safe drinking water. This goal was adopted in large
part because clean water was seen as critical to fighting diarrheal disease, which kills 2 ...
Cited by 72 - Related articles - BL Direct - All 28 versions

[PDF] Globalization and inequality

[PDF] from harvard.edu
M Kremer… - Development Research Group, …, 2003 - economics.harvard.edu
Supporters of the anti-globalization movement argue that “globalization has dramatically
increased inequality between and within nations”(Mazur, 2000), and in particular that it has
marginalized the poor in developing countries and left behind the poorest countries. ...
Cited by 72 - Related articles - View as HTML - All 23 versions

Income-distribution dynamics with endogenous fertility

M Kremer… - The American Economic Review, 1999 - JSTOR
In developing countries, fertility typically falls with education. For example, in Brazil, women
with no education have three times as many children as women with ten or more years of
education. Since children of the uneducated are less likely to become educated ...
Cited by 66 - Related articles - BL Direct - All 6 versions

How high are rates of return to fertilizer? Evidence from field experiments in Kenya

[PDF] from aeaweb.org
E Duflo, M Kremer… - The American Economic Review, 2008 - JSTOR
The idea that peasant farmers are rational profitmaximizers has been a staple of develop?
ment economics since Theodore Schultz (1964). It has also been influential in shaping
policy. For example, agricultural experts have stressed the importance of fertilizer use in ...
Cited by 72 - Related articles - BL Direct - All 26 versions

Odious debt

[PDF] from escholarship.org
S Jayachandran… - The American economic review, 2006 - ingentaconnect.com
Abstract: Trade sanctions are often criticized as ineffective because they create incentives
for evasion or as harmful to the target country's population. Loan sanctions, in contrast, could
be self-enforcing and could protect the population from being saddled with" odious debt" ...
Cited by 66 - Related articles - BL Direct - All 21 versions

[CITATION] Segregation by Skill and the Rise in Inequality

M Kremer… - Working Papers, 1995 - econpapers.repec.org
By M. Kremer and E. Maskin; Segregation by Skill and the Rise in Inequality.
Cited by 62 - Related articles - Cached - All 5 versions

Why are worker cooperatives so rare?

[PDF] from fondazionebarberini.it
M Kremer - 1997 - nber.org
This paper argues that worker cooperatives are prone to redistribution among members, and
that this redistribution distorts incentives. I assume that employment contracts are
incomplete. In the model cooperative members pay in a capital contribution to purchase ...
Cited by 61 - Related articles - BL Direct - All 10 versions

Peer effects and alcohol use among college students

[PDF] from psu.edu
M Kremer… - The Journal of Economic Perspectives, 2008 - ingentaconnect.com
Abstract: This paper examines the extent to which college students who drink alcohol
influence their peers. We exploit a natural experiment in which students at a large state
university were randomly assigned roommates through a lottery system. We find that on ...
Cited by 61 - Related articles - All 30 versions

Empathy or antipathy? The impact of diversity

[PDF] from harvard.edu
J Boisjoly, GJ Duncan, M Kremer, DM Levy… - The American economic …, 2006 - JSTOR
While the enormous costs of ethnic and class divisions are depressingly familiar (William
Easterly and Ross Levine, 1997; Claudia Goldin and Lawrence F. Katz, 1997; Paolo Mauro,
1995; James M. Poterba, 1997; Alberto Alesina et al., 1999), much less is known about the ...
Cited by 60 - Related articles - BL Direct - All 37 versions

Advance market commitments for vaccines against neglected diseases: estimating costs and effectiveness

[PDF] from nber.org
ER Berndt, R Glennerster, MR Kremer… - Health …, 2007 - Wiley Online Library
Page 1. HEALTH ECONOMICS Health Econ. 16: 491–511 (2007) Published online
2 October 2006 in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI:
10.1002/hec.1176 ADVANCE MARKET COMMITMENTS FOR VACCINES ...
Cited by 57 - Related articles - BL Direct - All 31 versions

[PDF] Should taxes be independent of age?

[PDF] from harvard.edu
M Kremer - Unpublished paper Harvard University, 2002 - economics.harvard.edu
Abstract Raising marginal tax rates at income x distorts work incentives at income x, and
increases tax collected from people with greater income. Distortions per dollar of revenue
are therefore proportional to f (x)/(1-F (x)), where F is the cdf of income. This hazard rate is ...
Cited by 55 - Related articles - View as HTML - All 4 versions

[PDF] Understanding technology adoption: Fertilizer in Western Kenya, preliminary results from field experiments

[PDF] from lse.ac.uk
E Duflo, M Kremer… - … , Massachusetts Institute of …, 2004 - sticerd.lse.ac.uk
In rural Western Kenya, the Ministry of Agriculture recommends the use of hybrid seeds and
fertilizer to increase maize yields. This recommendation is based on evidence from
experimental farms that fertilizer substantially increases yield. In 2000, however, ...
Cited by 49 - Related articles - View as HTML - All 3 versions

[PDF] Why do governments operate schools?

[PDF] from harvard.edu
M Kremer… - … , Mass. Available on line at http:// …, 2000 - economics.harvard.edu
Abstract Around the world, education is overwhelmingly publicly provided. This paper
argues that democratic societies will prefer that education be publicly provided, rather than
simply publicly financed, since under a voucher system, parents may send their children to ...
Cited by 49 - Related articles - View as HTML - All 7 versions

Why isn't convergence instantaneous? Young workers, old workers, and gradual adjustment

M Kremer… - Journal of Economic Growth, 1998 - Springer
The human capital of young and old workers are imperfect substitutes both in production
and in providing on-the-job training. This helps explain why capital does not flow from rich to
poor countries, causing instantaneous convergence of per capita output. If each ...
Cited by 46 - Related articles - BL Direct - All 8 versions

Outside funding and the dynamics of participation in community associations

[PDF] from 128.95.208.73
MK Gugerty… - American Journal of Political Science, 2008 - Wiley Online Library
The poor and disadvantaged are widely seen as having weak organizations and low rates of
participation in community associations, impeding their political representation and
economic advancement. Many policy initiatives aim to build civic participation among the ...
Cited by 47 - Related articles - BL Direct - All 19 versions

Kripke and the logic of truth

M Kremer - Journal of Philosophical Logic, 1988 - Springer
Kripke's 'Outline of a Theory of Truth'represents a new beginning for logical studies of the
concept of truth. As Kripke himself points out, previous work on truth and the semantic
paradoxes had rarely provided a genuine theory, but only hints at how such a theory might ...
Cited by 43 - Related articles - All 3 versions

[PDF] The globalization of household production

[PDF] from frb.org
M Kremer… - Weatherhead Center For International Affairs, Harvard …, 2006 - sf.frb.org
Abstract Immigration restrictions are arguably the largest distortion in the world economy
and the most costly to the world's poor. Yet, these restrictions seem firmly in place due to
fears in rich countries that immigration would exacerbate inequality among natives, fiscally ...
Cited by 44 - Related articles - View as HTML - All 37 versions

[PDF] Peer effects, pupil-teacher ratios, and teacher incentives: Evidence from a randomized evaluation in Kenya

[PDF] from harvard.edu
E Duflo, P Dupas… - Unpublished manuscript, 2007 - isites.harvard.edu
This paper takes advantage of a randomized evaluation of a Kenyan program which
provided school committees with funds to hire teachers locally on short term contracts in
order to shed light on the impact of peers, pupil-teacher ratios, teacher incentive systems, ...
Cited by 41 - Related articles - View as HTML - All 12 versions

[PDF] Public and private schools in rural India

[PDF] from psu.edu
K Muralidharan… - Harvard University, Department of …, 2006 - Citeseer
Abstract: This paper presents results from a nationally-representative survey of rural private
primary schools in India conducted in 2003. 28% of the population of rural India has access
to fee-charging private schools in the same village. Nearly 50% of the rural private schools ...
Cited by 42 - Related articles - View as HTML - All 17 versions

Why are teachers absent? Probing service delivery in Peruvian primary schools

[PDF] from dfid.gov.uk
L Alcázar, FH Rogers, N Chaudhury… - International Journal of …, 2006 - Elsevier
A high rate of absence of teachers from their posts is a serious obstacle to delivery of
education in many developing countries, but hard evidence on the problem has been
scarce. This study, carried out as part of a new multi-country survey project, is the first ...
Cited by 38 - Related articles - All 7 versions

[PDF] A better way to spur medical research and development

[PDF] from catostore.org
R Glennerster… - REGULATION-WASHINGTON-, 2000 - catostore.org
The Inventor's View Patents nevertheless create insufficient incentives for original research
because, even with patents, inventors do not capture the full benefit of their inventions. First,
as discussed above, some potential purchasers of patented goods are not willing or able ...
Cited by 36 - Related articles - View as HTML - BL Direct - All 20 versions

[PDF] Decentralization: A cautionary tale

[PDF] from psu.edu
M Kremer, S Moulin… - Poverty Action Lab Paper No, 2003 - Citeseer
Abstract Kenya's education system blends substantial centralization with elements of local
control and school choice. This paper argues that the system creates incentives for local
communities to build too many small schools; to spend too much on teachers relative to ...
Cited by 35 - Related articles - View as HTML - All 27 versions

[BOOK] Networks, social learning, and technology adoption: The case of deworming drugs in kenya

[PDF] from berkeley.edu
E Miguel, M Kremer… - 2003 - emlab.berkeley.edu
Abstract: We examine social learning using data on adoption of deworming medicine in
Kenyan schools. These drugs kill worms already in the body; although people are soon
reinfected, treatment breaks the cycle of transmission, generating positive externalities. ...
Cited by 36 - Related articles - View as HTML - All 26 versions

Encouraging private sector research for tropical agriculture

[PDF] from brookings-tsinghua.cn
M Kremer… - World Development, 2005 - Elsevier
Agricultural needs in poor tropical countries differ significantly from those in temperate, rich
countries. Yet little agricultural research is performed on products for the tropics. Private
research is particularly concentrated in rich countries. This is a result of significant failures ...
Cited by 34 - Related articles - All 18 versions

[PDF] Teacher and health care provider absence: a multi-country study

[PDF] from hec.ca
N Chaudhury, J Hammer, M Kremer… - World Bank: …, 2004 - neumann.hec.ca
Acknowledgements: We are grateful to the many researchers, survey experts, and
enumerators who collaborated with us on the country studies that made this global country
possible, and to our colleagues for their support and encouragement. We thank Sanya ...
Cited by 34 - Related articles - View as HTML - All 2 versions

[PDF] Additional resources versus organizational changes in education: Experimental evidence from Kenya

[PDF] from psu.edu
E Duflo, P Dupas… - … , Abdul Latif Jameel Poverty Action Lab ( …, 2009 - Citeseer
Abstract Several studies have found that resources alone have limited impact on the quality
of education in developing countries, while others have found that changes in pedagogy
and incentives can have significant and large impacts. This paper compares increases in ...
Cited by 36 - Related articles - View as HTML - All 2 versions

The purpose of Tractarian nonsense

M Kremer - Noûs, 2001 - Wiley Online Library
Wittgenstein's closing remarks in the Tractatus have long puzzled his readers. His
propositions, he tells us, are nonsense, and to understand him is to recognize this. Yet how
can recognizing his pronouncements as nonsense count as a kind of understanding? Of ...
Cited by 32 - Related articles - BL Direct - All 3 versions

Estimating the impact of the Hajj: religion and tolerance in Islam's global gathering

[PDF] from oxfordjournals.org
D Clingingsmith, AI Khwaja… - The Quarterly Journal of …, 2009 - qje.oxfordjournals.org
Abstract We estimate the impact on pilgrims of performing the Hajj pilgrimage to Mecca. Our
method compares successful and unsuccessful applicants in a lottery used by Pakistan to
allocate Hajj visas. Pilgrim accounts stress that the Hajj leads to a feeling of unity with ...
Cited by 32 - Related articles - All 71 versions

[PDF] Nudging farmers to use fertilizer: evidence from Kenya

[PDF] from arizona.edu
E Duflo, M Kremer… - NBER Working Paper, 2009 - econ.arizona.edu
* The authors are respectively from MIT (Department of Economics and Abdul Latif Jameel Poverty
Action Lab); Harvard, Brookings, CGD, J-PAL, and NBER; and UC Santa Cruz and J-PAL. We
thank John Ikoluot, Edward Masinde, Chris Namulundu, Evite Ochiel, Andrew Wabwire, ...
Cited by 30 - Related articles - View as HTML - All 11 versions

Outside Funding of Community Organizations: Benefiting or Displacing the Poor?

[PDF] from psu.edu
MK Gugerty… - 2000 - nber.org
In response to the widespread consensus on the importance of social capital, and to
concerns about the scarcity of institutions giving voice to disadvantaged groups, some
donors have begun programs designed to strengthen indigenous community ...
Cited by 29 - Related articles - BL Direct - All 11 versions

[CITATION] Promoting school participation in rural Rajasthan: Results from some prospective trials

A Banerjee, S Jacob, M Kremer, J Lanjouw… - 2002 - working paper, MIT
Cited by 30 - Related articles

[CITATION] An interim report on a teacher attendance incentive program in Kenya

M Kremer… - Development Economics Department, Harvard …, 2001
Cited by 29 - Related articles

[PDF] The impact of distributing school uniforms on children's education in Kenya

[PDF] from poverty-action.org
D Evans, M Kremer… - World Bank, mimeo, 2008 - poverty-action.org
Abstract: In the context of widespread efforts to reduce school fees, an increasing share of
the costs of schooling come in the form of school materials and opportunity costs. We
evaluate the impact of an educational intervention in which a Kenyan non-governmental ...
Cited by 29 - Related articles - View as HTML - All 9 versions

[PDF] Spring cleaning: A randomized evaluation of source water quality improvement

[PDF] from umn.edu
M Kremer, J Leino, E Miguel… - Quarterly Journal of …, 2007 - documents.apec.umn.edu
Abstract: Diarrhea, particularly from water-related causes, kills almost two million children
annually. We study the impact of source water quality improvements achieved via spring
protection on diarrhea prevalence and other outcomes in rural Kenya using a randomized ...
Cited by 27 - Related articles - View as HTML - All 43 versions

[PDF] The return to capital for small retailers in Kenya: evidence from inventories

[PDF] from nber.org
M Kremer, JN Lee, JM Robinson… - 2010 - nber.org
Abstract Standard textbook models suggest risk-adjusted rates of return should be equalized
across activities within firms, and across firms. However, testing this implication is typically
complicated by the difficulty in measuring rates of return. In this paper, we take advantage ...
Cited by 25 - Related articles - View as HTML - All 18 versions

[BOOK] The impact of development assistance on social capital: evidence from Kenya

M Gugerty… - 2002 - books.google.com
A large body of literature suggests that social capital is important for development (see
Coleman 1990; Putnam 1993; Woolcock 1998, among others). Perhaps in response, many
donors are actively trying to support the development of civil society and social capital in ...
Cited by 25 - Related articles

Early-life malaria exposure and adult outcomes: Evidence from malaria eradication in India

[PDF] from harvard.edu
D Cutler, W Fung, M Kremer… - American Economic …, 2010 - ingentaconnect.com
Abstract: We examine the effects of exposure to malaria in early childhood on educational
attainment and economic status in adulthood by exploiting geographic variation in malaria
prevalence in India prior to a nationwide eradication program in the 1950s. We find that ...
Cited by 28 - Related articles - All 13 versions

[PDF] Empathy or antipathy? The consequences of racially and socially diverse peers on attitudes and behaviors

[PDF] from northwestern.edu
GJ Duncan, J Boisjoly, DM Levy… - Joint Center for …, 2003 - ipr.northwestern.edu
Abstract This paper investigates to what extent interactions with individuals from different
social groups affect the attitudes and behaviors of university students. It avoids biases from
self-selection by drawing data from students attending a large state university whose first- ...
Cited by 25 - Related articles - View as HTML - All 17 versions

[CITATION] Making markets for vaccines: Ideas to action

O Barder, M Kremer, A Albright… - 2005 - Brookings Inst Pr
Cited by 23 - Related articles

Creating markets for vaccines

[PDF] from harvard.edu
R Glennerster, M Kremer… - Innovations: Technology, …, 2006 - MIT Press
The idea of advance purchase commitments for vaccines has recently been gaining political
momentum. In 2003 the Center for Global Development (CGD), with financial support from
the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, convened a working group to explore the details of ...
Cited by 23 - Related articles - All 19 versions

[CITATION] Textbooks and test scores: Evidence from a randomized evaluation in Kenya

P Glewwe, M Kremer… - Devel. Research Group, World Bank, 2001
Cited by 21 - Related articles

The Argument of" On Denoting"

M Kremer - The Philosophical Review, 1994 - JSTOR
Russell's theory of descriptions, introduced in" On Denoting,"'has long been taken as a
paradigm of analytic philosophy. Yet the central argument of OD, the" Gray's Elegy"
argument (henceforth the GEA), remains puzzling, despite many efforts to untangle its ...
Cited by 21 - Related articles - All 2 versions

Spring Cleaning: Rural Water Impacts, Valuation, and Property Rights Institutions*

[PDF] from oxfordjournals.org
M Kremer, J Leino, E Miguel… - The Quarterly Journal of …, 2011 - qje.oxfordjournals.org
Abstract Using a randomized evaluation in Kenya, we measure health impacts of spring
protection, an investment that improves source water quality. We also estimate households'
valuation of spring protection and simulate the welfare impacts of alternatives to the ...
Cited by 19 - Related articles - All 41 versions

The effect of changing sexual activity on HIV prevalence

[PDF] from ntu.edu.tw
M Kremer… - Mathematical biosciences, 1998 - Elsevier
In a one-sex preferred mixing model, reductions in the rate of partner change by those with
low sexual activity increase the average probability of HIV infection in the remaining pool of
available partners. This increases prevalence among people with high activity, and since ...
Cited by 19 - Related articles - BL Direct - All 6 versions

[CITATION] Making markets for vaccines: ideas to action

R Levine, M Kremer… - The report of the Center for Global Development …, 2005
Cited by 20 - Related articles

[CITATION] Pricing and access: lessons from randomized evaluations in education and health

[PDF] from brookings-tsinghua.cn
M Kremer… - Unpublished manuscript, Harvard University, 2008
Cited by 19 - Related articles - All 15 versions

[PDF] Perspectives on stimulating industrial research and development for neglected infectious diseases

[PDF] from scielosp.org
D Webber, M Kremer - BULLETIN-WORLD HEALTH …, 2001 - SciELO Public Health
Abstract This paper summarizes recent thinking on stimulating industrial research and
development (R&D) for neglected infectious diseases and argues that it is critical to enlarge
the value of the market for medicines and vaccines through, for example, global purchase ...
Cited by 18 - Related articles - View as HTML - BL Direct - All 14 versions

Globalization and international public finance

[PDF] from harvard.edu
M Kremer… - 2000 - nber.org
This paper examines the effect of reduced transaction costs in the international trading of
assets on the ability of governments to issue debt. We examine a model in which
governments care about the welfare of their citizens, and thus are more inclined to default ...
Cited by 18 - Related articles - All 10 versions

[CITATION] Why don't farmers use fertilizer: Evidence from Field Experiments in Western Kenya

E Duflo, M Kremer… - Massachusetts Institute of Technology & MIT …, 2006
Cited by 18 - Related articles

[CITATION] Contextualism and Holism in the Early Wittgenstein: From Prototractatus to Tractatus

M Kremer - Philosophical Topics, 1997 - UNIVERSITY OF ARKANSAS …
Cited by 17 - Related articles - BL Direct

[CITATION] Understanding technology adoption: Fertilizer in Western Kenya. Evidence from field experiments

E Duflo, M Kremer… - Unpublished Manuscript, 2006
Cited by 17 - Related articles

[CITATION] A mechanism for encouraging innovation

M Kremer - 1996 - Harvard Institute for International …
Cited by 17 - Related articles

Advanced purchase commitments for a malaria vaccine: estimating costs and effectiveness

[PDF] from lse.ac.uk
ER Berndt, R Glennerster, MR Kremer, J Lee… - 2005 - nber.org
Page 1. NBER WORKING PAPER SERIES ADVANCED PURCHASE COMMITMENTS FOR A
MALARIA VACCINE: ESTIMATING COSTS AND EFFECTIVENESS Ernst R. Berndt Rachel
Glennerster Michael R. Kremer Jean Lee Ruth Levine Georg Weizsäcker Heidi Williams ...
Cited by 16 - Related articles - All 16 versions

[PDF] Worms: Education and Health Externalities in Kenya

[PDF] from yale.edu
M Kremer… - NBER working paper, 2001 - research.yale.edu
Hookworm, roundworm, whipworm, and schistosomiasis infect more than one in four people
worldwide and are particularly prevalent among school-age children in developing
countries. We examine the impact of an inexpensive school-based deworming program in ...
Cited by 16 - Related articles - View as HTML - All 41 versions

Pricing and access: Lessons from randomized evaluations in education and health

[PDF] from isn.ch
A Holla… - … for Global Development Working Paper No. …, 2009 - papers.ssrn.com
Abstract: This paper surveys evidence from recent randomized evaluations in developing
countries on the impact of price on access to health and education. The debate on user fees
has been contentious, but until recently much of the evidence was anecdotal. ...
Cited by 17 - Related articles - All 6 versions

[CITATION] AIDS: The economic rationale for public intervention

M Kremer - Confronting AIDS: Evidence from the Developing World …, 1998
Cited by 16 - Related articles - All 3 versions

[CITATION] The impacts of development funding on social capital: The Kenya local community action project

MK Gugerty, M Kremer - Washington: World Bank, 1999
Cited by 15 - Related articles

A World Bank vaccine commitment

[PDF] from cigilibrary.org
R Glennerster… - 2009 - dspace.cigilibrary.org
Malaria, tuberculosis, and the strains of AIDS common in developing countries kill five
million people each year. Over the last fifty years these diseases have killed six times as
many people as have died in all wars. Yet research on vaccines for these diseases ...
Cited by 15 - Related articles - All 5 versions

[CITATION] Does development assistance help build social capital?

MK Gugerty, M Kremer… - 2000 - World Bank, Social Development …
Cited by 15 - Related articles

Logic and meaning: the philosophical significance of the sequent calculus

M Kremer - Mind, 1988 - Mind Assoc
In his doctoral dissertation of 1935,'Gentzen introduced two new approaches to the theory of
proofs: natural deduction and the sequent calculus. He formulated both classical and
intuitionist predicate logics using these approaches. For the resulting sequent calculi, he ...
Cited by 15 - Related articles - All 5 versions

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