S Scotchmer - The Journal of Economic Perspectives, 1991 - JSTOR
S ir Isaac Newton himself acknowledged," If I have seen far, it is by standing on the
shoulders of giants." Most innovators stand on the shoulders of giants, and never more so
than in the current evolution of high technologies, where almost all technical progress ...
S Scotchmer - 2004 - books.google.com
Interest in intellectual property and other institutions that promote innovation exploded
during the 1990s. Innovation and Incentives provides a clear and wide-ranging introduction
to the economics of innovation, suitable for teaching at both the advanced undergraduate ...
JR Green… - The RAND Journal of Economics, 1995 - JSTOR
In markets with sequential innovation, inventors of derivative improvements might
undermine the profit of initial innovators through competition. Profit erosion can be mitigated
by broadening the first innovator's patent protection and/or by permitting cooperative ...
P Samuelson… - Yale LJ, 2001 - HeinOnline
Reverse engineering has a long history as an accepted practice. What it means, broadly
speaking, is the process of extracting know-how or knowledge from a human-made
artifact.'Lawyers and economists have endorsed reverse engineering as an appropriate ...
S Scotchmer… - The RAND Journal of Economics, 1990 - JSTOR
The stringency of the novelty requirement in patent law affects the pace of innovation
because it affects the amount of technical information that is disclosed among firms. It also
affects ex ante profitability of research. We compare weak and strong novelty ...
T O'Donoghue, S Scotchmer… - Journal of Economics & …, 1998 - Wiley Online Library
In active investment climates where firms sequentially improve each other's products, a
patent can terminate either because it expires or because a non-infringing innovation
displaces its product in the market. We define the length of time until one of these happens ...
S Scotchmer - The Rand Journal of Economics, 1996 - JSTOR
Incentives to develop basic technologies are greater if the patentholder profits from
applications or other second-generation products. Assuming that such products infringe the
basic patent and that there is not much delay between the innovations, I argue that (i) ...
N Gallini… - 2002 - nber.org
Executive Summary Intellectual property is not the only mechanism used in the American
economy for rewarding R&D. Prizes and contract research of various types are also com-
mon. Given the current controversies that swirl around intellectual property policies, we ...
J Farrell… - The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 1988 - qje.oxfordjournals.org
Abstract A partnership is a coalition that divides its output equally. We show that when
partnerships can form freely, a stable or “core” partition into partnerships always exists and
is generically unique. When people differ in ability, the equal-sharing constraint ...
S Scotchmer - The RAND Journal of Economics, 1999 - JSTOR
The patent system is mainly a renewal system: the patent life is chosen by the patentee in
return for fees. I ask whether such a system can be justified by asymmetric information on
costs and benefits of research. In such a model I show that renewal mechanisms (possibly ...
B Ellickson, B Grodal, S Scotchmer… - Econometrica, 1999 - Wiley Online Library
This paper defines a general equilibrium model with exchange and club formation. Agents
trade multiple private goods widely in the market, can belong to several clubs, and care
about the characteristics of the other members of their clubs. The space of agents is a ...
S Scotchmer - 2002 - nber.org
Intellectual property treaties have two main types of provisions: national treatment of foreign
inventors, and harmonization of protections. I address the positive question of when
countries would want to treat foreign inventors the same as domestic inventors, and how ...
S Scotchmer - Handbook of public economics, 2002 - Elsevier
Abstract I discuss recent contributions to the theory of group formation and the provision of
jointly consumed public goods and services. I highlight the distinction between models of
pure group formation, and models where the formation of groups and the sharing of public ...
S Scotchmer - The American Economic Review, 1987 - JSTOR
Compliance with the legislated tax code cannot be assured without audits and penalties on
unreported income. Although compliance can most cheaply be assured with a small
probability of audit (since audits are costly) and large penalties, law or social convention ...
S Scotchmer - Journal of Public Economics, 1985 - Elsevier
Abstract We study a Nash equilibrium among profit-maximizing clubs which choose facility
size and admission price. The number of clubs is endogenous. Entry is deterred whenever
the symmetric Nash equilibrium with one additional firm would yield negative profit. ...
S Scotchmer - Modern Public Finance, 1994 - books.google.com
The invisible hand is a powerful metaphor, and economists have intermittently hoped that it
might guide the provision of public goods as well as private goods. The question is an
important one for public finance: if the profit motive can guide the supply of public goods ...
M Schankerman… - RAND Journal of Economics, 2001 - JSTOR
We investigate how liability rules and property rules protect intellectual property.
Infringement might not be deterred under any of the enforcement regimes available.
However, counterintuitively, a credible threat of infringement can actually benefit the ...
S Scotchmer… - Journal of Public Economics, 1987 - Elsevier
Abstract In club economies with anonymous crowding, competitive equilibrium states of the
economy are efficient and coincide with the core when there is only one private good.
Anonymous admission prices permit consumers with different tastes to share facilities. ...
E Dekel… - Journal of Economic Theory, 1992 - Elsevier
Abstract We investigate whether replicator dynamics justify “survival of the fittest” when
players inherit pure strategies, mixed strategies, or rules for choosing strategies. A strategy
that never is a best reply can survive replicator dynamics if only pure strategies are ...
SM Maurer… - Economica, 2002 - Wiley Online Library
Patents differ from other forms of intellectual property in that independent invention is not a
defence to infringement. We argue that the patent rule is inferior in any industry where the
cost of independently inventing a product is not too much less than (no less than half) the ...
DL Rubinfeld… - The RAND Journal of Economics, 1993 - JSTOR
When there is asymmetric information, contingent fees can allow clients to signal the
qualities of their cases and attorneys to signal the quality of their advice. Thus, a well-
informed client who has a high-quality case will be willing to pay a relatively high fixed fee ...
E Dekel… - Journal of Economic Theory, 1999 - Elsevier
A long-standing conjecture is that winner-take-all games such as patent races lead to the
survival of risk-takers and the extinction of risk-averters. In many species a winner-take-all
game determines the males' right to reproduce, and the same argument suggests that ...
S Scotchmer… - Journal of Public Economics, 1989 - Elsevier
Abstract When there is tax evasion, increased randomness about how much taxable income
an auditor would assess generally leads to higher reported income and more revenue.
When reducing randomness is costly, optimality requires some randomness in assessed ...
N Gandal… - Journal of Public Economics, 1993 - Elsevier
Abstract In a simple model, we show that a joint venture can implement the rates of
investment that maximize joint profit when firms' research abilities are private information.
This can be done with budget balance, even though there are participation constraints. ...
P Jehiel… - Review of Economic Studies, 2001 - Wiley Online Library
The rules under which jurisdictions (nations, provinces) can deny immigration or expel
residents are generally governed by a constitution, but there do not exist either positive or
normative analyses to suggest what types of exclusion rules are best. We stylize this ...
S Scotchmer - The Rand Journal of Economics, 1985 - JSTOR
We explore how well the market will provide shared facilities which are subject to
congestion. It is usually efficient to have multiple facilities because it is more efficient to
spend resources on facilities than to endure crowding costs. We assume firms can charge ...
S Scotchmer… - The Annals of Regional Science, 1992 - Springer
We review the argument that incorporating space in economic models has two important
consequences: first, the hypothesis of perfect competition becomes untenable, and second,
the distinction between private and public goods becomes blurred. We summarize recent ...
B Ellickson, B Grodal, S Scotchmer… - Journal of Economic …, 2001 - Elsevier
This paper builds a general equilibrium model of finite economies with exchange and club
formation. Agents trade multiple private goods widely in the market, can belong to several
clubs, and care about the characteristics of other club members. Because club ...
S Scotchmer - Journal of Economic Theory, 1985 - Elsevier
Abstract Hedonic prices have been used to evaluate the willingness to pay for attributes. We
reformulate the notion of hedonic price from a composite price on housing to a unit price on
traded quantities, in conformity with long run competitive equilibrium theory. This ...
J Schrag… - JL Econ. & Org., 1994 - HeinOnline
The task of juries is to dispense ex post justice. While justice requires convicting the guilty
and acquitting the innocent, the evidence usually cannot distinguish with certainty. We argue
that the jury will be more lenient in acquittals than is optimal for deterring crime whenever ...
J Schrag… - International Review of Law and Economics, 1997 - Elsevier
Crime is not evenly distributed in the population. There are various explanations for this fact,
each of which plays a role in the public debate about solutions. We point out that attempts to
trace crime to exogenous factors in the environment or in the moral character of citizens ...
[CITATION] Cumulative innovation in theory and practice
S Scotchmer… - 1999 - … School of Public Policy, University of …
S Scotchmer - Regional Science and Urban Economics, 1986 - Elsevier
Abstract We study two Nash equilibria among a finite number of jurisdictions which
maximize property values by providing public goods. In the first Nash equilibrium, the
strategies are LPGs, financed by land taxes. We give conditions under which LPGs will be ...
SM Maurer… - American Law and Economics …, 2006 - Am Law Econ Assoc
Abstract We address the patent/antitrust conflict in licensing and develop three guiding
principles for deciding acceptable terms of license. Profit neutrality holds that patent rewards
should not depend on the rightholder's ability to work the patent himself. Derived reward ...
S Scotchmer - Economics letters, 1989 - Elsevier
Abstract When taxpayers are uncertain of true taxable income, they must decide whether to
resolve their uncertainty by seeking tax advice, and then decide how much taxable income
to report. Since tax advisors must sign their advisees' tax returns, the audit policy can ...
RP Gilles… - Journal of Economic Theory, 1997 - Elsevier
We show that “exhaustion of blocking opportunities” is a sufficient condition such that every
allocation in the core of a replicated club economy can be decentralized as a competitive
equilibrium, and that a related condition “efficient scale” is necessary and—under an ...
CA Jones… - Journal of environmental economics and …, 1990 - Elsevier
Abstract Regulatory agencies charged with public health and safety typically promulgate
uniform regulatory standards, which suggests the agencies are concerned mainly to reduce
harmful externalities, with little concern for firms' costs. A focus on benefits, to the ...
S Scotchmer - Journal of Public Economics, 1986 - Elsevier
Abstract The social value of a nonmarginal improvement to amentities is not related to
hedonic prices in a simple way. Furthermore, hedonic price data do not completely reveal
preferences. In order to evaluate short-run benefits of an improvement, the rate of change ...
SM Maurer… - 2004 - emeraldinsight.com
Abstract: There is growing public interest in alternatives to intellectual property including, but
not limited to, prizes and government grants. We collect various historical and contemporary
examples of alternative incentives, and show when they are superior to intellectual ...
Summary In the theory of economies with public goods one usually considers the case in
which private goods are essential, ie, each agent receives a fixed minimum level of utility if
he consumes no private goods, irrespective of the public goods consumed. This paper ...
SM Maurer… - Science, 1999 - sciencemag.org
Summary In 1996, the European Union (EU) enacted broad, copyright-style protections for
databases and demanded that the United States do the same. Congress is currently
considering a bill (HR 354) that would bring US law closer to that of the EU. Here, it is ...
[CITATION] The effect of tax advisors on tax compliance
S Scotchmer… - 1988 - … School of Public Policy, University of …
[CITATION] Incentives to innovate
S Scotchmer - The new Palgrave dictionary of economics and the law, 1998
GC Rausser, S Scotchmer… - 1999 - escholarship.org
Abstract: In the past several years, the seed industry worldwide has been dramatically
restructured, mostly through mergers and acquisitions. We argue that the restructuring has
been technologically driven, and has also resulted in the transformation of several ...
M Schankerman… - 1999 - nber.org
Profit on proprietary research tools is determined partly by the remedies for infringement,
such as damages and injunctions. We investigate how damages under a liability rule and
the opportunity for injunctions under a property rule can affect the incentives to develop ...
S Scotchmer, MH Wooders… - 1988 - warwick.ac.uk
Abstract We compare core payoffs in two cooperative games in which coalitions contained in
both player sets have the same feasible payoffs in both games. The players are
characterized by their “types," and players of the same type are substitutes for each other. ...
[CITATION] nPatent Breadth, Patent Life, and the Pace of Technological Improvement
T OmDonaghue, S Scotchmer… - o Journal of Economics and Management …, 1998
S Scotchmer - Journal of Public Economics, 1997 - Elsevier
Competitive equilibrium in a coalition production economy or a club economy typically does
not exist when there is free entry, for two reasons. First, there may be an “integer problem”,
as is familiar from club theory with anonymous crowding. Second,“optimal” groups may ...
P Jehiel… - Annales d'Economie et de Statistique, 1997 - JSTOR
In a free mobility equilibrium with voting for pure public goods within jurisdictions and equal
cost sharing, consumers will partition themselves such that high-demand jurisdictions are
much larger than low-demand jurisdictions. We compare the welfare implications of a ...
JR Green, S Scotchmer… - 1989 - en.scientificcommons.org
S Scotchmer… - Harvard University Department of …, 1986 - warwick.ac.uk
Abstract We discuss economies with complementarities and/or crowding in production or
consumption. We de… ne a price system with the property that core states of the economy
are the same as equilibrium states, provided the core has equal treatment. Prices for ...
G Engl… - Journal of Mathematical Economics, 1996 - Elsevier
In large cooperative games core payoffs can be decomposed as a linear function on players'
attributes which we call a 'hedonic payoff', provided that the worth of each coalition depends
only on the sum of its members' attributes and payoffs are superadditive in attributes. If two ...
S Scotchmer - Public Finance= Finances publiques, 1992 - ideas.repec.org
No abstract is available for this item. ... To our knowledge, this item is not available for
download. To find whether it is available, there are three options: 1. Check below under "Related
research" whether another version of this item is available online. 2. Check on the ...
[CITATION] The economic analysis of taxpayer compliance
S Scotchmer - American Economic Review, papers and proceedings, 1987
D Minehart… - Games and Economic Behavior, 1999 - Elsevier
Firms reveal private information about the value of investment through their investment
decisions. As a consequence they may have ex post regret once they see other firms'
investments. We define a notion of rational expectations equilibrium for games which ...
N Erkal… - 2007 - escholarship.org
Abstract We consider a model of the innovative environment where there is a distinction
between ideas for R&D investments and the investments themselves. We investigate the
optimal reward policy and how it depends on whether ideas are scarce or obvious. By ...
A Glazer, E Niskanen… - Journal of Public Economics, 1997 - ideas.repec.org
If you experience problems downloading a file, check if you have the proper application to
view it first. Information about this may be contained in the File-Format links below. In case of
further problems read the IDEAS help page. Note that these files are not on the IDEAS site ...
S Scotchmer - Economic Theory, 2005 - Springer
Summary. A premise of general equilibrium theory is that private goods are rival.
Nevertheless, many private goods are shared, eg, through borrowing, through co-
ownership, or simply because one person's consumption affects another person's ...
[CITATION] Equity in Tax Enforcement
S Scotchmer - Harvard Institute of Economic Research Working Paper, 1986
[CITATION] The Law and Economics of Reverse Engineering
S Scotchmer… - Yale Law Journal, 2002
DL Rubinfeld… - The New Palgrave …, 1998 - en.scientificcommons.org
Abstract ontingent fees have been controversial throughout legal history. In the United
States they are commonly used by the plaintiffs' bar and occasionally by the defence bar.
However, such fees are prohibited or substantially restricted in many other common law ...
S Scotchmer… - Revue économique, 1993 - JSTOR
L'intégration du facteur spatial aux modèles économiques a (au moins) deux conséquences
majeures. En premier lieu, l'hypothèse de concurrence pure et parfaite devient intenable. En
second lieu, la distinction entre biens privés et biens publics tend à devenir floue. Nous ...
S Scotchmer - Innovation Policy and the Economy, 2011 - JSTOR
Executive Summary Emissions taxes and carbon caps can both lead to efficient production
of energy, in the sense of controlling carbon emissions to the extent that is efficient with
existing technologies. However, the regulatory policy has a second objective, which is to ...
[CITATION] Incentives and Innovation
S Scotchmer - 2004 - MIT Press Cambridge, MA
G Engl… - Economic Theory, 1997 - Springer
Summary In large games with transferable utility, core payoffs satisfy a comparative statics
property: If the proportion of one type of player increases, then the core payoff to that type of
player decreases (does not increase). Markets with transferable utility satisfy a similar ...
RE Goodhue, GC Rausser, S Scotchmer… - 2002 - escholarship.org
Over the past decade, the structure of the plant breeding and agricultural biotechnology
industries has been radically transformed. Through dozens of mergers, acquisitions and
strategic alliances, there has been a rapid and dramatic concentration of control over ...
[CITATION] Patents as an incentive system
S Scotchmer - IEA CONFERENCE VOLUME …, 1996 - THE MACMILLAN PRESS LTD
[CITATION] On the Division of Profit in Sequential Innovation, 26RAND J
JR Green… - Econ, 1995
E Dekel… - The American Economic Review, 1990 - JSTOR
When the Exxon Valdez snagged on an underwater mountain in March 1989, and released
11 million gallons of crude oil into Prince William Sound, part of the public outrage was due
to the subsequent rise in gasoline prices. Indeed, it seemed possible that, rather than ...
[CITATION] On the Division of Profit between Sequential Innovators
G Jerry… - The Rand Journal of Economics, 1995
[CITATION] Switching costs as an explanation for price dispersion
JR Green, S Scotchmer… - 1986 - … School of Public Policy, University of …
[CITATION] Hedonic Prices, Crowding and Optimal Dispersions of Population
S Scotchmer… - 1981 - Harvard Institute of Economic …
[CITATION] The core and the hedonic core: equivalence and comparative statics
G Engl… - 1992 - University of California at Berkeley, …
RP Gilles… - Chapter, 1998 - books.google.com
Club theory (Buchanan 1965) is based on the observation that optimal sharing groups for
public goods are often small relative to the economy, and that these small groups should
consequently be competitive. The idea that smallness leads to competitiveness has been ...
M Schankerman… - 2005 - papers.ssrn.com
Abstract JEL Classifications: L41, K21 Abstract: When infringement of a patent dissipates
profit relative to the licensing agreement that would otherwise occur, damages under the lost-
profit rule deter infringement, and otherwise not. We develop this point in a general model ...
S Scotchmer - 1996 - escholarship.org
Abstract The paper shows that competitive forces in club economies lead to admissions
prices that can be decomposed as linear prices on externality-producing attributes, where
each member pays the same amount per unit attribute contributed. The extemalities prices ...
[CITATION] On the Optimality of the Patent System
S Scotchmer… - 1997 - … School of Public Policy, University of …
JM Quigley… - Journal of Policy Analysis and …, 1989 - Wiley Online Library
... Insight. What counts? analysis counts. John M. Quigley † ,; Suzanne Scotchmer †. Article first
published online: 1 FEB 2007. DOI: 10.2307/3324937. Copyright © 1989 Association for Public
Policy Analysis and Management. Issue. Journal of Policy Analysis and Management. ...
S Scotchmer - RAND J. OF ECONOMICS, Vol. 27 No. 2, 1990 - papers.ssrn.com
Abstract: Incentives to develop basic technologies are greater if the patentholder profits from
applications or other second-generation products. Assuming that such products infringe the
basic patent and that there is not much delay between the innovations, I argue that (i) ...
N Erkal… - 2009 - nber.org
We investigate rewards to R&D in a model where substitute ideas for innovation arrive to
random recipients at random times. By foregoing investment in a current idea, society as a
whole preserves an option to invest in a better idea for the same market niche, but with ...
[CITATION] jPartnerships
J Farrell… - k Quarterly Journal of Economics, 1988
[CITATION] R&D Joint Ventures and other Cooperative Arrangements
S Scotchmer - 1998 - University of Calgary Press, Industry …
E Dekel… - Levine's Working Paper Archive, 2010 - ideas.repec.org
If you experience problems downloading a file, check if you have the proper application to
view it first. Information about this may be contained in the File-Format links below. In case of
further problems read the IDEAS help page. Note that these files are not on the IDEAS site ...
[CITATION] Optimal R&D procurement: why patents?
J Crémer… - Manuscript, Institut D'Economie Industrielle, 1997
[CITATION] „Rules of evidence and statistical reasoning in court “
S Scotchmer - The New Palgrave. Dictionary of Economics and Law, …, 1998
[CITATION] Nonanonymous crowding: The core with a continuum of agents
S Scotchmer… - 1986 - Harvard Institute of Economic …
T O'Donoghue, S Scotchmer - Economics Working Papers, 1995 - ideas.repec.org
In active investment climates where firms sequentially improve each other's products, a
patent can terminate either because it expires or because a noninfringing innovation
displaces it in the market. The patent breadth and patent life together determine which of ...
[CITATION] Intellectual Property, 6 2005. forthcoming, Handbook of Law and Economics. Mitch Polinsky and Steven Shavell, eds
P Menell… - Amsterdam: Elsevier
[CITATION] The Effect of Retail Price Maintenance on Inventories and Search
S Scotchmer… - 1987 - … School of Public Policy, University of …
[CITATION] Standing on the shoulder of giants: protecting cumulative innovators
S Scotchmer - Innovation and Incentives, 2005 - MIT Press Cambridge, MA
[CITATION] Protecting Early Innovators: Should Second-Generation Products Be Patentable?, 27 RAND J
S Scotchmer - 1996 - Econ
[CITATION] Innovationand Incentives
S Scotchmer - 2004 - MIT Press
S Scotchmer… - Economics Beyond the Millennium, 1999 - ingentaconnect.com
Abstract: The authors lament the little attention that has been accorded to the role of space in
the economy. They discuss the location decisions of firms and consumers under various
assumptions and show how important the introduction of a land market can be for such ...
[CITATION] Novelty and Disclosure in Patent Law, 21 RAND J
S Scotchmer… - ECON, 1990
B Ellickson, B Grodal, S Scotchmer… - Institutions, Equilibria and …, 2006 - Springer
This paper provides an extension of general equilibrium theory that incorporates the actions
of individuals both as demanders and suppliers of goods and as members of firms, schools,
social groups, and contractual relationships. The central notion of the paper is a group: a ...
J Green… - Papers, 1989 - ideas.repec.org
No abstract is available for this item. ... To our knowledge, this item is not available for
download. To find whether it is available, there are three options: 1. Check below under "Related
research" whether another version of this item is available online. 2. Check on the ...
[CITATION] Innovation and Incentives
S Suzanne - 2004 - Cambridge Mass
[CITATION] Character Evidence in Hierarchical Justice
J Schrag, S Scotchmer… - 1991 - … School of Public Policy, University of …
S Scotchmer - American Economic Review, 2010 - papers.ssrn.com
In the 1990's, open-source collaborations emerged as a new way to organize software
development (Eric S. Raymond, 1999). In an open-source collaboration, members disclose
their code so that others can improve it. This is done under various licensing ...
[CITATION] On the right of exclusion in jurisdiction formation
P Jehiel, S Scotchmer… - 1996 - École nationale des ponts et …
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