Journal of Economic Literature (JEL) Classification System
Click on any subject category to see the full list of classifications for that category.
Alternatively, the JEL Classification Codes Guide is now available online. Additionally, you may now download an xml file of JEL Codes. JEL Codes are 3-digit, but EconLit searches require the use the four digit codes consisting of the 3-digit JEL code plus a 0. The EconLit subject descriptors are the same as the Journal of Economic Literature (JEL) classification codes.
[ (Updated!) Indicates new or changed descriptor]
-
A - General Economics and Teaching
B - History of Economic Thought, Methodology, and Heterodox Approaches
C - Mathematical and Quantitative Methods
D - Microeconomics
E - Macroeconomics and Monetary Economics
F - International Economics
G - Financial Economics
H - Public Economics
I - Health, Education, and Welfare
J - Labor and Demographic Economics
K - Law and Economics
L - Industrial Organization
M - Business Administration and Business Economics; Marketing; Accounting
N - Economic History
O - Economic Development, Technological Change, and Growth
P - Economic Systems
Q - Agricultural and Natural Resource Economics; Environmental and Ecological Economics
R - Urban, Rural, Regional, Real Estate, and Transportation Economics
Y - Miscellaneous Categories
Z - Other Special Topics
A - General Economics and Teaching
-
A1 - General Economics
A10 - General
A11 - Role of Economics; Role of Economists; Market for Economists
A12 - Relation of Economics to Other Disciplines
A13 - Relation of Economics to Social Values
A14 - Sociology of Economics
A19 - Other
A20 - General
A21 - Pre-college
A22 - Undergraduate
A23 - Graduate
A29 - Other
A30 - General
A31 - Collected Writings of Individuals
A32 - Volumes
A33 - Handbooks
A39 - Other
Go to MENU
B - History of Economic Thought, Methodology, and Heterodox Approaches
-
B0 - General
B00 - General
B10 - General
B11 - Preclassical (Ancient, Medieval, Mercantilist, Physiocratic)
B12 - Classical (includes Adam Smith)
B13 - Neoclassical through 1925 (Austrian, Marshallian, Walrasian, Stockholm School)
B14 - Socialist; Marxist
B15 - Historical; Institutional; Evolutionary
B16 - Quantitative and Mathematical
B19 - Other
B20 - General
B21 - Microeconomics
B22 - Macroeconomics
B23 - Econometrics; Quantitative and Mathematical Studies
B24 - Socialist; Marxist; Sraffian
B25 - Historical; Institutional; Evolutionary; Austrian
B26 - Financial Economics
B29 - Other
B30 - General
B31 - Individuals
B32 - Obituaries
B40 - General
B41 - Economic Methodology
B49 - Other
B50 - General
B51 - Socialist; Marxian; Sraffian
B52 - Institutional; Evolutionary
B53 - Austrian
B54 - Feminist Economics
B59 - Other
Go to MENU
C - Mathematical and Quantitative Methods
-
C0 - General
C00 - General
C01 - Econometrics
C02 - Mathematical Methods
C10 - General
C11 - Bayesian Analysis: General
C12 - Hypothesis Testing: General
C13 - Estimation: General
C14 - Semiparametric and Nonparametric Methods: General
C15 - Statistical Simulation Methods: General
C18 - Methodological Issues: General
C19 - Other
C20 - General
C21 - Cross-Sectional Models; Spatial Models; Treatment Effect Models; Quantile Regressions
C22 - Time-Series Models; Dynamic Quantile Regressions; Dynamic Treatment Effect Models
C23 - Models with Panel Data; Longitudinal Data; Spatial Time Series
C24 - Truncated and Censored Models; Switching Regression Models
C25 - Discrete Regression and Qualitative Choice Models; Discrete Regressors; Proportions
C26 - Instrumental Variables (IV) Estimation
C29 - Other
C30 - General
C31 - Cross-Sectional Models; Spatial Models; Treatment Effect Models; Quantile Regressions; Social Interaction Models
C32 - Time-Series Models; Dynamic Quantile Regressions; Dynamic Treatment Effect Models
C33 - Models with Panel Data; Longitudinal Data; Spatial Time Series
C34 - Truncated and Censored Models; Switching Regression Models
C35 - Discrete Regression and Qualitative Choice Models; Discrete Regressors; Proportions
C36 - Instrumental Variables (IV) Estimation
C38 - Classification Methods; Cluster Analysis; Factor Models
C39 - Other
C40 - General
C41 - Duration Analysis; Optimal Timing Strategies
C43 - Index Numbers and Aggregation
C44 - Operations Research; Statistical Decision Theory (Updated!)
C45 - Neural Networks and Related Topics
C46 - Specific Distributions; Specific Statistics
C49 - Other
C50 - General
C51 - Model Construction and Estimation
C52 - Model Evaluation, Validation, and Selection
C53 - Forecasting and Prediction Methods; Simulation Methods (Updated!)
C54 - Quantitative Policy Modeling
C58 - Financial Econometrics
C59 - Other
C60 - General
C61 - Optimization Techniques; Programming Models; Dynamic Analysis
C62 - Existence and Stability Conditions of Equilibrium
C63 - Computational Techniques; Simulation Modeling
C65 - Miscellaneous Mathematical Tools
C67 - Input–Output Models
C68 - Computable General Equilibrium Models
C69 - Other
C70 - General
C71 - Cooperative Games
C72 - Noncooperative Games
C73 - Stochastic and Dynamic Games; Evolutionary Games; Repeated Games
C78 - Bargaining Theory; Matching Theory
C79 - Other
C80 - General
C81 - Methodology for Collecting, Estimating, and Organizing Microeconomic Data; Data Analysis
C82 - Methodology for Collecting, Estimating, and Organizing Macroeconomic Data; Data Analysis
C83 - Survey Methods; Sampling Methods
C87 - Econometric Software
C88 - Other Computer Software
C89 - Other
C90 - General
C91 - Laboratory, Individual Behavior
C92 - Laboratory, Group Behavior
C93 - Field Experiments
C99 - Other
Go to MENU
D - Microeconomics
-
D0 - General
D00 - General
D01 - Microeconomic Behavior: Underlying Principles
D02 - Institutions: Design, Formation, and Operations
D03 - Behavioral Economics; Underlying Principles
D04 - Microeconomic Policy: Formulation; Implementation; Evaluation
D10 - General
D11 - Consumer Economics: Theory
D12 - Consumer Economics: Empirical Analysis
D13 - Household Production and Intrahousehold Allocation
D14 - Personal Finance
D18 - Consumer Protection
D19 - Other
D20 - General
D21 - Firm Behavior: Theory
D22 - Firm Behavior: Empirical Analysis
D23 - Organizational Behavior; Transaction Costs; Property Rights
D24 - Production; Cost; Capital; Capital, Total Factor, and Multifactor Productivity; Capacity (Updated!)
D29 - Other
D30 - General
D31 - Personal Income, Wealth, and Their Distributions
D33 - Factor Income Distribution
D39 - Other
D40 - General
D41 - Perfect Competition
D42 - Monopoly
D43 - Oligopoly and Other Forms of Market Imperfection
D44 - Auctions
D45 - Rationing; Licensing
D46 - Value Theory
D47 - Market Design (Updated!)
D49 - Other
D50 - General
D51 - Exchange and Production Economies
D52 - Incomplete Markets
D53 - Financial Markets
D57 - Input–Output Tables and Analysis
D58 - Computable and Other Applied General Equilibrium Models
D59 - Other
D60 - General
D61 - Allocative Efficiency; Cost–Benefit Analysis
D62 - Externalities
D63 - Equity, Justice, Inequality, and Other Normative Criteria and Measurement
D64 - Altruism; Philanthropy (Updated!)
D69 - Other
D70 - General
D71 - Social Choice; Clubs; Committees; Associations
D72 - Political Processes: Rent-Seeking, Lobbying, Elections, Legislatures, and Voting Behavior
D73 - Bureaucracy; Administrative Processes in Public Organizations; Corruption
D74 - Conflict; Conflict Resolution; Alliances
D78 - Positive Analysis of Policy-Making and Implementation
D79 - Other
D80 - General
D81 - Criteria for Decision-Making under Risk and Uncertainty
D82 - Asymmetric and Private Information; Mechanism Design (Updated!)
D83 - Search; Learning; Information and Knowledge; Communication; Belief
D84 - Expectations; Speculations
D85 - Network Formation and Analysis: Theory
D86 - Economics of Contract: Theory
D87 - Neuroeconomics
D89 - Other
D90 - General
D91 - Intertemporal Consumer Choice; Life Cycle Models and Saving
D92 - Intertemporal Firm Choice and Growth, Financing, Investment, and Capacity
D99 - Other
Go to MENU
E - Macroeconomics and Monetary Economics
-
E0 - General
E00 - General
E01 - Measurement and Data on National Income and Product Accounts and Wealth; Environmental Accounts
E02 - Institutions and the Macroeconomy
E10 - General
E11 - Marxian; Sraffian; Institutional; Evolutionary
E12 - Keynes; Keynesian; Post-Keynesian
E13 - Neoclassical
E16 - Social Accounting Matrix (Updated!)
E17 - Forecasting and Simulation: Models and Applications
E19 - Other
E20 - General
E21 - Consumption; Saving; Wealth
E22 - Capital; Investment; Capacity
E23 - Production
E24 - Employment; Unemployment; Wages; Intergenerational Income Distribution; Aggregate Human Capital
E25 - Aggregate Factor Income Distribution
E26 - Informal Economy; Underground Economy
E27 - Forecasting and Simulation: Models and Applications
E29 - Other
E30 - General
E31 - Price Level; Inflation; Deflation
E32 - Business Fluctuations; Cycles
E37 - Forecasting and Simulation: Models and Applications
E39 - Other
E40 - General
E41 - Demand for Money
E42 - Monetary Systems; Standards; Regimes; Government and the Monetary System; Payment Systems
E43 - Interest Rates: Determination, Term Structure, and Effects
E44 - Financial Markets and the Macroeconomy
E47 - Forecasting and Simulation: Models and Applications
E49 - Other
E50 - General
E51 - Money Supply; Credit; Money Multipliers
E52 - Monetary Policy
E58 - Central Banks and Their Policies
E59 - Other
E60 - General
E61 - Policy Objectives; Policy Designs and Consistency; Policy Coordination
E62 - Fiscal Policy
E63 - Comparative or Joint Analysis of Fiscal and Monetary Policy; Stabilization; Treasury Policy
E64 - Incomes Policy; Price Policy
E65 - Studies of Particular Policy Episodes
E66 - General Outlook and Conditions
E69 - Other
Go to MENU
F - International Economics
-
F0 - General
F00 - General
F01 - Global Outlook
F02 - International Economic Order
F10 - General
F11 - Neoclassical Models of Trade
F12 - Models of Trade with Imperfect Competition and Scale Economies
F13 - Trade Policy; International Trade Organizations
F14 - Empirical Studies of Trade (Updated!)
F15 - Economic Integration
F16 - Trade and Labor Market Interactions
F17 - Trade Forecasting and Simulation
F18 - Trade and Environment
F19 - Other
F20 - General
F21 - International Investment; Long-Term Capital Movements
F22 - International Migration
F23 - Multinational Firms; International Business
F24 - Remittances
F29 - Other
F30 - General
F31 - Foreign Exchange
F32 - Current Account Adjustment; Short-Term Capital Movements
F33 - International Monetary Arrangements and Institutions
F34 - International Lending and Debt Problems
F35 - Foreign Aid
F36 - Financial Aspects of Economic Integration
F37 - International Finance Forecasting and Simulation: Models and Applications
F39 - Other
F40 - General
F41 - Open Economy Macroeconomics
F42 - International Policy Coordination and Transmission
F43 - Economic Growth of Open Economies
F44 - International Business Cycles
F47 - Forecasting and Simulation: Models and Applications
F49 - Other
F50 - General
F51 - International Conflicts; Negotiations; Sanctions
F52 - National Security; Economic Nationalism
F53 - International Agreements and Observance; International Organizations
F54 - Colonialism; Imperialism; Postcolonialism
F55 - International Institutional Arrangements
F59 - Other
F60 - General
F61 - Microeconomic Impacts
F62 - Macroeconomic Impacts
F63 - Economic Development
F64 - Environment
F65 - Finance
F66 - Labor
F68 - Policy
F69 - Other
Go to MENU
G - Financial Economics
-
G0 - General
G00 - General
G01 - Financial Crises
G02 - Behavioral Finance: Underlying Principles
G10 - General
G11 - Portfolio Choice; Investment Decisions
G12 - Asset Pricing; Trading volume; Bond Interest Rates
G13 - Contingent Pricing; Futures Pricing
G14 - Information and Market Efficiency; Event Studies
G15 - International Financial Markets
G17 - Financial Forecasting and Simulation
G18 - Government Policy and Regulation
G19 - Other
G20 - General
G21 - Banks; Depository Institutions; Micro Finance Institutions; Mortgages (Updated!)
G22 - Insurance; Insurance Companies
G23 - Non-bank Financial Institutions; Financial Instruments; Institutional Investors (Updated!)
G24 - Investment Banking; Venture Capital; Brokerage; Ratings and Ratings Agencies
G28 - Government Policy and Regulation
G29 - Other
G30 - General
G31 - Capital Budgeting; Fixed Investment and Inventory Studies; Capacity
G32 - Financing Policy; Financial Risk and Risk Management; Capital and Ownership Structure; Value of Firms; Goodwill (Updated!)
G33 - Bankruptcy; Liquidation
G34 - Mergers; Acquisitions; Restructuring; Corporate Governance
G35 - Payout Policy
G38 - Government Policy and Regulation
G39 - Other
Go to MENU
H - Public Economics
-
H0 - General
H00 - General
H10 - General
H11 - Structure, Scope, and Performance of Government
H12 - Crisis Management
H19 - Other
H20 - General
H21 - Efficiency; Optimal Taxation
H22 - Incidence
H23 - Externalities; Redistributive Effects; Environmental Taxes and Subsidies
H24 - Personal Income and Other Nonbusiness Taxes and Subsidies
H25 - Business Taxes and Subsidies
H26 - Tax Evasion
H27 - Other Sources of Revenue
H29 - Other
H30 - General
H31 - Household
H32 - Firm
H39 - Other
H40 - General
H41 - Public Goods
H42 - Publicly Provided Private Goods
H43 - Project Evaluation; Social Discount Rate
H44 - Publicly Provided Goods: Mixed Markets
H49 - Other
H50 - General
H51 - Government Expenditures and Health
H52 - Government Expenditures and Education
H53 - Government Expenditures and Welfare Programs
H54 - Infrastructures; Other Public Investment and Capital Stock
H55 - Social Security and Public Pensions
H56 - National Security and War
H57 - Procurement
H59 - Other
H60 - General
H61 - Budget; Budget Systems
H62 - Deficit; Surplus
H63 - Debt; Debt Management; Sovereign Debt
H68 - Forecasts of Budgets, Deficits, and Debt
H69 - Other
H70 - General
H71 - State and Local Taxation, Subsidies, and Revenue
H72 - State and Local Budget and Expenditures
H73 - Interjurisdictional Differentials and Their Effects
H74 - State and Local Borrowing
H75 - State and Local Government: Health; Education; Welfare; Public Pensions
H76 - State and Local Government: Other Expenditure Categories
H77 - Intergovernmental Relations; Federalism; Secession
H79 - Other
H80 - General
H81 - Governmental Loans; Loan Guarantees; Credits; Grants; Bailouts
H82 - Governmental Property
H83 - Public Administration; Public Sector Accounting and Audits
H84 - Disaster Aid
H87 - International Fiscal Issues; International Public Goods
H89 - Other
Go to MENU
I - Health, Education, and Welfare
-
I0 - General
I00 - General
I10 - General
I11 - Analysis of Health Care Markets
I12 - Health Production
I13 - Health Insurance, Public and Private
I14 - Health and Inequality
I15 - Health and Economic Development
I18 - Government Policy; Regulation; Public Health
I19 - Other
I20 - General
I21 - Analysis of Education
I22 - Educational Finance
I23 - Higher Education and Research Institutions
I24 - Education and Inequality
I25 - Education and Economic Development
I28 - Government Policy
I29 - Other
I30 - General
I31 - General Welfare
I32 - Measurement and Analysis of Poverty
I38 - Government Policy; Provision and Effects of Welfare Programs
I39 - Other
Go to MENU
J - Labor and Demographic Economics
-
J0 - General
J00 - General
J01 - Labor Economics: General
J08 - Labor Economics Policies
J10 - General
J11 - Demographic Trends, Macroeconomic Effects, and Forecasts
J12 - Marriage; Marital Dissolution; Family Structure; Domestic Abuse
J13 - Fertility; Family Planning; Child Care; Children; Youth
J14 - Economics of the Elderly; Economics of the Handicapped; Non-Labor Market Discrimination
J15 - Economics of Minorities, Races, and Immigrants; Non-labor Discrimination
J16 - Economics of Gender; Non-labor Discrimination
J17 - Value of Life; Forgone Income
J18 - Public Policy
J19 - Other
J20 - General
J21 - Labor Force and Employment, Size, and Structure
J22 - Time Allocation and Labor Supply
J23 - Labor Demand
J24 - Human Capital; Skills; Occupational Choice; Labor Productivity
J26 - Retirement; Retirement Policies
J28 - Safety; Job Satisfaction; Related Public Policy
J29 - Other
J30 - General
J31 - Wage Level and Structure; Wage Differentials
J32 - Nonwage Labor Costs and Benefits; Private Pensions
J33 - Compensation Packages; Payment Methods
J38 - Public Policy
J39 - Other
J40 - General
J41 - Labor Contracts
J42 - Monopsony; Segmented Labor Markets
J43 - Agricultural Labor Markets
J44 - Professional Labor Markets; Occupational Licensing
J45 - Public Sector Labor Markets
J47 - Coercive Labor Markets
J48 - Public Policy
J49 - Other
J50 - General
J51 - Trade Unions: Objectives, Structure, and Effects
J52 - Dispute Resolution: Strikes, Arbitration, and Mediation; Collective Bargaining
J53 - Labor–Management Relations; Industrial Jurisprudence
J54 - Producer Cooperatives; Labor Managed Firms; Employee Ownership
J58 - Public Policy
J59 - Other
J60 - General
J61 - Geographic Labor Mobility; Immigrant Workers
J62 - Job, Occupational, and Intergenerational Mobility
J63 - Turnover; Vacancies; Layoffs
J64 - Unemployment: Models, Duration, Incidence, and Job Search
J65 - Unemployment Insurance; Severance Pay; Plant Closings
J68 - Public Policy
J69 - Other
J70 - General
J71 - Discrimination
J78 - Public Policy
J79 - Other
J80 - General
J81 - Working Conditions
J82 - Labor Force Composition
J83 - Workers' Rights
J88 - Public Policy
J89 - Other
Go to MENU
K - Law and Economics
-
K0 - General
K00 - General
K10 - General
K11 - Property Law
K12 - Contract Law
K13 - Tort Law and Product Liability
K14 - Criminal Law
K19 - Other
K20 - General
K21 - Antitrust Law
K22 - Business and Securities Law (Updated!)
K23 - Regulated Industries and Administrative Law
K29 - Other
K30 - General
K31 - Labor Law
K32 - Environmental, Health, and Safety Law
K33 - International Law
K34 - Tax Law
K35 - Personal Bankruptcy Law
K36 - Family and Personal Law
K37 - Immigration Law (Updated!)
K39 - Other
K40 - General
K41 - Litigation Process
K42 - Illegal Behavior and the Enforcement of Law
K49 - Other
Go to MENU
L - Industrial Organization
-
L0 - General
L00 - General
L10 - General
L11 - Production, Pricing, and Market Structure; Size Distribution of Firms
L12 - Monopoly; Monopolization Strategies
L13 - Oligopoly and Other Imperfect Markets
L14 - Transactional Relationships; Contracts and Reputation; Networks
L15 - Information and Product Quality; Standardization and Compatibility
L16 - Industrial Organization and Macroeconomics: Industrial Structure and Structural Change; Industrial Price Indices
L17 - Open Source Products and Markets
L19 - Other
L20 - General
L21 - Business Objectives of the Firm
L22 - Firm Organization and Market Structure
L23 - Organization of Production
L24 - Contracting Out; Joint Ventures; Technology Licensing
L25 - Firm Performance: Size, Diversification, and Scope
L26 - Entrepreneurship
L29 - Other
L30 - General
L31 - Nonprofit Institutions; NGOs
L32 - Public Enterprises; Public-Private Enterprises
L33 - Comparison of Public and Private Enterprises and Nonprofit Institutions; Privatization; Contracting Out
L38 - Public Policy
L39 - Other
L40 - General
L41 - Monopolization; Horizontal Anticompetitive Practices
L42 - Vertical Restraints; Resale Price Maintenance; Quantity Discounts
L43 - Legal Monopolies and Regulation or Deregulation
L44 - Antitrust Policy and Public Enterprises, Nonprofit Institutions, and Professional Organizations
L49 - Other
L50 - General
L51 - Economics of Regulation
L52 - Industrial Policy; Sectoral Planning Methods
L53 - Enterprise Policy
L59 - Other
L60 - General
L61 - Metals and Metal Products; Cement; Glass; Ceramics
L62 - Automobiles; Other Transportation Equipment
L63 - Microelectronics; Computers; Communications Equipment
L64 - Other Machinery; Business Equipment; Armaments
L65 - Chemicals; Rubber; Drugs; Biotechnology
L66 - Food; Beverages; Cosmetics; Tobacco; Wine and Spirits
L67 - Other Consumer Nondurables: Clothing, Textiles, Shoes, and Leather
L68 - Appliances; Other Consumer Durables
L69 - Other
L70 - General
L71 - Mining, Extraction, and Refining: Hydrocarbon Fuels
L72 - Mining, Extraction, and Refining: Other Nonrenewable Resources
L73 - Forest Products
L74 - Construction
L78 - Government Policy
L79 - Other
L80 - General
L81 - Retail and Wholesale Trade; e-Commerce
L82 - Entertainment; Media
L83 - Sports; Gambling; Recreation; Tourism
L84 - Personal, Professional, and Business Services
L85 - Real Estate Services
L86 - Information and Internet Services; Computer Software
L87 - Postal and Delivery Services
L88 - Government Policy
L89 - Other
L90 - General
L91 - Transportation: General
L92 - Railroads and Other Surface Transportation
L93 - Air Transportation
L94 - Electric Utilities
L95 - Gas Utilities; Pipelines; Water Utilities
L96 - Telecommunications
L97 - Utilities: General
L98 - Government Policy
L99 - Other
Go to MENU
M - Business Administration and Business Economics; Marketing; Accounting
-
M0 - General
M00 - General
M10 - General
M11 - Production Management
M12 - Personnel Management; Executive Compensation
M13 - New Firms; Startups
M14 - Corporate Culture; Social Responsibility
M15 - IT Management
M16 - International Business Administration
M19 - Other
M20 - General
M21 - Business Economics
M29 - Other
M30 - General
M31 - Marketing
M37 - Advertising
M38 - Government Policy and Regulation
M39 - Other
M40 - General
M41 - Accounting
M42 - Auditing
M48 - Government Policy and Regulation
M49 - Other
M50 - General
M51 - Firm Employment Decisions; Promotions
M52 - Compensation and Compensation Methods and Their Effects
M53 - Training
M54 - Labor Management
M55 - Labor Contracting Devices
M59 - Other
Go to MENU
N - Economic History
-
N0 - General
N00 - General
N01 - Development of the Discipline: Historiographical; Sources and Methods
N10 - General, International, or Comparative
N11 - U.S.; Canada: Pre-1913
N12 - U.S.; Canada: 1913–
N13 - Europe: Pre-1913
N14 - Europe: 1913–
N15 - Asia including Middle East
N16 - Latin America; Caribbean
N17 - Africa; Oceania
N20 - General, International, or Comparative
N21 - U.S.; Canada: Pre-1913
N22 - U.S.; Canada: 1913–
N23 - Europe: Pre-1913
N24 - Europe: 1913–
N25 - Asia including Middle East
N26 - Latin America; Caribbean
N27 - Africa; Oceania
N30 - General, International, or Comparative
N31 - U.S.; Canada: Pre-1913
N32 - U.S.; Canada: 1913-
N33 - Europe: Pre-1913
N34 - Europe: 1913-
N35 - Asia including Middle East
N36 - Latin America; Caribbean
N37 - Africa; Oceania
N40 - General, International, or Comparative
N41 - U.S.; Canada: Pre-1913
N42 - U.S.; Canada: 1913–
N43 - Europe: Pre-1913
N44 - Europe: 1913–
N45 - Asia including Middle East
N46 - Latin America; Caribbean
N47 - Africa; Oceania
N50 - General, International, or Comparative
N51 - U.S.; Canada: Pre-1913
N52 - U.S.; Canada: 1913–
N53 - Europe: Pre-1913
N54 - Europe: 1913–
N55 - Asia including Middle East
N56 - Latin America; Caribbean
N57 - Africa; Oceania
N60 - General, International, or Comparative
N61 - U.S.; Canada: Pre-1913
N62 - U.S.; Canada: 1913–
N63 - Europe: Pre-1913
N64 - Europe: 1913–
N65 - Asia including Middle East
N66 - Latin America; Caribbean
N67 - Africa; Oceania
N70 - General, International, or Comparative
N71 - U.S.; Canada: Pre-1913
N72 - U.S.; Canada: 1913–
N73 - Europe: Pre-1913
N74 - Europe: 1913–
N75 - Asia including Middle East
N76 - Latin America; Caribbean
N77 - Africa; Oceania
N80 - General, International, or Comparative
N81 - U.S.; Canada: Pre-1913
N82 - U.S.; Canada: 1913–
N83 - Europe: Pre-1913
N84 - Europe: 1913–
N85 - Asia including Middle East
N86 - Latin America; Caribbean
N87 - Africa; Oceania
N90 - General, International, or Comparative
N91 - U.S.; Canada: Pre-1913
N92 - U.S.; Canada: 1913–
N93 - Europe: Pre-1913
N94 - Europe: 1913–
N95 - Asia including Middle East
N96 - Latin America; Caribbean
N97 - Africa; Oceania
Go to MENU
O - Economic Development, Technological Change, and Growth
-
O1 - Economic Development
O10 - General
O11 - Macroeconomic Analyses of Economic Development
O12 - Microeconomic Analyses of Economic Development
O13 - Agriculture; Natural Resources; Energy; Environment; Other Primary Products
O14 - Industrialization; Manufacturing and Service Industries; Choice of Technology
O15 - Human Resources; Human Development; Income Distribution; Migration
O16 - Financial Markets; Saving and Capital Investment; Corporate Finance and Governance
O17 - Formal and Informal Sectors; Shadow Economy; Institutional Arrangements
O18 - Urban, Rural, Regional, and Transportation Analysis; Housing; Infrastructure
O19 - International Linkages to Development; Role of International Organizations
O20 - General
O21 - Planning Models; Planning Policy
O22 - Project Analysis
O23 - Fiscal and Monetary Policy in Development
O24 - Trade Policy; Factor Movement Policy; Foreign Exchange Policy
O25 - Industrial Policy
O29 - Other
O30 - General
O31 - Innovation and Invention: Processes and Incentives
O32 - Management of Technological Innovation and R&D
O33 - Technological Change: Choices and Consequences; Diffusion Processes
O34 - Intellectual Property Rights
O38 - Government Policy
O39 - Other
O40 - General
O41 - One, Two, and Multisector Growth Models
O42 - Monetary Growth Models
O43 - Institutions and Growth
O44 - Environment and Growth
O47 - Measurement of Economic Growth; Aggregate Productivity; Cross-Country Output Convergence
O49 - Other
O50 - General
O51 - U.S.; Canada
O52 - Europe
O53 - Asia including Middle East
O54 - Latin America; Caribbean
O55 - Africa
O56 - Oceania
O57 - Comparative Studies of Countries
Go to MENU
P - Economic Systems
-
P0 - General
P00 - General
P10 - General
P11 - Planning, Coordination, and Reform
P12 - Capitalist Enterprises
P13 - Cooperative Enterprises
P14 - Property Rights
P16 - Political Economy
P17 - Performance and Prospects
P19 - Other
P20 - General
P21 - Planning, Coordination, and Reform
P22 - Prices
P23 - Factor and Product Markets; Industry Studies; Population
P24 - National Income, Product, and Expenditure; Money; Inflation
P25 - Urban, Rural, and Regional Economics
P26 - Political Economy; Property Rights
P27 - Performance and Prospects
P28 - Natural Resources; Energy; Environment
P29 - Other
P30 - General
P31 - Socialist Enterprises and Their Transitions
P32 - Collectives; Communes; Agriculture
P33 - International Trade, Finance, Investment, Business, and Aid (Updated!)
P34 - Financial Economics
P35 - Public Economics
P36 - Consumer Economics; Health; Education and Training; Welfare, Income, Wealth, and Poverty
P37 - Legal Institutions; Illegal Behavior
P39 - Other
P40 - General
P41 - Planning, Coordination, and Reform
P42 - Productive Enterprises; Factor and Product Markets; Prices; Population
P43 - Public Economics; Financial Economics
P44 - National Income, Product, and Expenditure; Money; Inflation
P45 - International Trade, Finance, Investment, and Aid
P46 - Consumer Economics; Health; Education and Training; Welfare, Income, Wealth, and Poverty
P47 - Performance and Prospects
P48 - Political Economy; Legal Institutions; Property Rights; Natural Resources; Energy; Environment; Regional Studies
P49 - Other
P50 - General
P51 - Comparative Analysis of Economic Systems
P52 - Comparative Studies of Particular Economies
P59 - Other
Go to MENU
Q - Agricultural and Natural Resource Economics; Environmental and Ecological Economics
-
Q0 - General
Q00 - General
Q01 - Sustainable Development
Q02 - Global Commodity Crises
Q10 - General
Q11 - Aggregate Supply and Demand Analysis; Prices
Q12 - Micro Analysis of Farm Firms, Farm Households, and Farm Input Markets
Q13 - Agricultural Markets and Marketing; Cooperatives; Agribusiness
Q14 - Agricultural Finance
Q15 - Land Ownership and Tenure; Land Reform; Land Use; Irrigation; Agriculture and Environment
Q16 - R&D; Agricultural Technology; Biofuels; Agricultural Extension Services
Q17 - Agriculture in International Trade
Q18 - Agricultural Policy; Food Policy
Q19 - Other
Q20 - General
Q21 - Demand and Supply
Q22 - Fishery; Aquaculture
Q23 - Forestry
Q24 - Land
Q25 - Water
Q26 - Recreational Aspects of Natural Resources
Q27 - Issues in International Trade
Q28 - Government Policy
Q29 - Other
Q30 - General
Q31 - Demand and Supply
Q32 - Exhaustible Resources and Economic Development
Q34 - Natural Resources and Domestic and International Conflicts
Q33 - Resource Booms
Q37 - Issues in International Trade
Q38 - Government Policy
Q39 - Other
Q40 - General
Q41 - Demand and Supply
Q42 - Alternative Energy Sources
Q43 - Energy and the Macroeconomy
Q47 - Energy Forecasting
Q48 - Government Policy
Q49 - Other
Q50 - General
Q51 - Valuation of Environmental Effects
Q52 - Pollution Control Adoption Costs; Distributional Effects; Employment Effects
Q53 - Air Pollution; Water Pollution; Noise; Hazardous Waste; Solid Waste; Recycling
Q54 - Climate; Natural Disasters; Global Warming
Q55 - Technological Innovation
Q56 - Environment and Development; Environment and Trade; Sustainability; Environmental Accounts and Accounting; Environmental Equity; Population Growth
Q57 - Ecological Economics: Ecosystem Services; Biodiversity Conservation; Bioeconomics; Industrial Ecology
Q58 - Government Policy
Q59 - Other
Go to MENU
R - Urban, Rural, Regional, Real Estate, and Transportation Economics
-
R0 - General
R00 - General
R10 - General
R11 - Regional Economic Activity: Growth, Development, Environmental Issues, and Changes
R12 - Size and Spatial Distributions of Regional Economic Activity
R13 - General Equilibrium and Welfare Economic Analysis of Regional Economies
R14 - Land Use Patterns
R15 - Econometric and Input–Output Models; Other Models
R19 - Other
R20 - General
R21 - Housing Demand
R22 - Other Demand
R23 - Regional Migration; Regional Labor Markets; Population; Neighborhood Characteristics
R28 - Government Policy
R29 - Other
R30 - General
R31 - Housing Supply and Markets
R32 - Other Production and Pricing Analysis
R33 - Nonagricultural and Nonresidential Real Estate Markets
R34 - Input Demand Analysis
R38 - Government Policy; Regulatory Policy
R39 - Other
R40 - General
R41 - Transportation: Demand, Supply, and Congestion; Safety and Accidents; Transportation Noise
R42 - Government and Private Investment Analysis; Road Maintenance; Transportation Planning
R48 - Government Pricing and Policy
R49 - Other
R50 - General
R51 - Finance in Urban and Rural Economies
R52 - Land Use and Other Regulations
R53 - Public Facility Location Analysis; Public Investment and Capital Stock
R58 - Regional Development Planning and Policy
R59 - Other
Go to MENU
Y - Miscellaneous Categories
-
Y1 - Data: Tables and Charts
Y10 - Data: Tables and Charts
Y20 - Introductory Material
Y30 - Book Reviews (unclassified)
Y40 - Dissertations (unclassified)
Y50 - Further Reading (unclassified)
Y60 - Excerpts
Y70 - No Author General Discussions
Y80 - Related Disciplines
Y90 - Other
Y91 - Pictures and Maps
Go to MENU
Z - Other Special Topics
-
Z0 - General
Z00 - General
Z10 - General
Z11 - Economics of the Arts and Literature
Z12 - Religion
Z13 - Economic Sociology; Economic Anthropology; Social and Economic Stratification
Z18 - Public Policy
Z19 - Other
Go to MENU
Copyright © 2012 American Economic Association