EconLit Subject Descriptors

A000 - General Economics and Teaching

A100 - General Economics: General
A110 - Role of Economics; Role of Economists
A120 - Relation of Economics to Other Disciplines
A130 - Relation of Economics to Social Values
A140 - Sociology of Economics
A190 - General Economics: Other

A200 - Economic Education and Teaching of Economics: General
A210 - Economic Education and Teaching of Economics: Pre-college
A220 - Economic Education and Teaching of Economics: Undergraduate
A230 - Economic Education and Teaching of Economics: Graduate
A290 - Economic Education and Teaching of Economics: Other

A300 - Collective Works: General
A310 - Collected Writings of Individuals
A320 - Volumes
A330 - Handbooks
A390 - Collective Works: Other

B000 - History of Economic Thought, Methodology, and Heterodox Approaches

B100 - History of Economic Thought through 1925: General
B110 - History of Economic Thought: Preclassical (Ancient, Medieval, Mercantilist, Physiocratic)
B120 - History of Economic Thought: Classical (includes Adam Smith)
B130 - History of Economic Thought: Neoclassical through 1925 (Austrian, Marshallian, Walrasian, Stockholm School)
B140 - History of Economic Thought through 1925: Socialist; Marxist
B150 - History of Economic Thought through 1925: Historical; Institutional; Evolutionary
B160 - History of Economic Thought: Quantitative and Mathematical
B190 - History of Economic Thought through 1925: Other

B200 - History of Economic Thought since 1925: General
B210 - History of Economic Thought: Microeconomics
B220 - History of Economic Thought: Macroeconomics
B230 - History of Economic Thought: Quantitative and Mathematical
B240 - History of Economic Thought since 1925: Socialist; Marxist; Sraffian
B250 - History of Economic Thought since 1925: Historical; Institutional; Evolutionary; Austrian
B260 - History of Economic Thought since 1925: Financial Economics
B290 - History of Economic Thought since 1925: Other

B300 - History of Economic Thought: Individuals: General
B310 - History of Economic Thought: Individuals
B320 - Obituaries

B400 - Economic Methodology: General
B410 - Economic Methodology
B490 - Economic Methodology: Other

B500 - Current Heterodox Approaches: General
B510 - Current Heterodox Approaches: Socialist; Marxian; Sraffian
B520 - Current Heterodox Approaches: Institutional; Evolutionary
B530 - Current Heterodox Approaches: Austrian
B540 - Feminist Economics
B590 - Current Heterodox Approaches: Other

C000 - Mathematical and Quantitative Methods: General
C010 - Econometrics
C020 - Mathematical Methods

C100 - Econometric and Statistical Methods and Methodology: General
C110 - Bayesian Analysis: General
C120 - Hypothesis Testing: General
C130 - Estimation: General
C140 - Semiparametric and Nonparametric Methods: General
C150 - Statistical Simulation Methods: General
C180 - Methodological Issues: General
C190 - Econometric and Statistical Methods: Other

C200 - Single Equation Models; Single Variables: General
C210 - Single Equation Models; Single Variables: Cross-Sectional Models; Spatial Models; Treatment Effect Models; Quantile Regressions
C220 - Single Equation Models; Single Variables: Time-Series Models; Dynamic Quantile Regressions; Dynamic Treatment Effect Models
C230 - Single Equation Models; Single Variables: Models with Panel Data; Longitudinal Data; Spatial Time Series
C240 - Single Equation Models; Single Variables: Truncated and Censored Models; Switching Regression Models
C250 - Single Equation Models; Single Variables: Discrete Regression and Qualitative Choice Models; Discrete Regressors; Proportions
C260 - Single Equation Models: Single Variables: Instrumental Variables (IV) Estimation
C290 - Single Equation Models; Single Variables: Other

C300 - Multiple or Simultaneous Equation Models; Multiple Variables: General
C310 - Multiple or Simultaneous Equation Models: Cross-Sectional Models; Spatial Models; Treatment Effect Models; Quantile Regressions; Social Interaction Models
C320 - Multiple or Simultaneous Equation Models: Time-Series Models; Dynamic Quantile Regressions; Dynamic Treatment Effect Models
C330 - Multiple or Simultaneous Equation Models: Models with Panel Data; Longitudinal Data; Spatial Time Series
C340 - Multiple or Simultaneous Equation Models: Truncated and Censored Models; Switching Regression Models
C350 - Multiple or Simultaneous Equation Models: Discrete Regression and Qualitative Choice Models; Discrete Regressors; Proportions
C360 - Multiple or Simultaneous Equation Models: Instrumental Variables (IV) Estimation
C380 - Multiple or Simultaneous Equation Models: Classification Methods; Cluster Analysis; Factor Models
C390 - Multiple or Simultaneous Equation Models; Multiple Variables: Other

C400 - Econometric and Statistical Methods: Special Topics: General
C410 - Duration Analysis; Optimal Timing Strategies
C420 - Classification Discontinued 2008. See C83.
C430 - Index Numbers and Aggregation; Leading indicators
C440 - Operations Research; Statistical Decision Theory*
C450 - Neural Networks and Related Topics
C460 - Specific Distributions; Specific Statistics
C490 - Econometric and Statistical Methods: Special Topics: Other

C500 - Econometric Modeling: General
C510 - Model Construction and Estimation
C520 - Model Evaluation, Validation, and Selection
C530 - Forecasting and Prediction Methods; Simulation Methods *
C540 - Quantitative Policy Modeling
C580 - Financial Econometrics
C590 - Econometric Modeling: Other

C600 - Mathematical Methods; Programming Models; Mathematical and Simulation Modeling: General
C610 - Optimization Techniques; Programming Models; Dynamic Analysis
C620 - Existence and Stability Conditions of Equilibrium
C630 - Computational Techniques; Simulation Modeling
C650 - Miscellaneous Mathematical Tools
C670 - Input-Output Models
C680 - Computable General Equilibrium Models
C690 - Mathematical Methods; Programming Models; Mathematical and Simulation Modeling: Other

C700 - Game Theory and Bargaining Theory: General
C710 - Cooperative Games
C720 - Noncooperative Games
C730 - Stochastic and Dynamic Games; Evolutionary Games; Repeated Games
C780 - Bargaining Theory; Matching Theory
C790 - Game Theory and Bargaining Theory: Other

C800 - Data Collection and Data Estimation Methodology; Computer Programs: General
C810 - Methodology for Collecting, Estimating, and Organizing Microeconomic Data; Data Access
C820 - Methodology for Collecting, Estimating, and Organizing Macroeconomic Data; Data Access
C830 - Survey Methods; Sampling Methods
C870 - Econometric Software
C880 - Data Collection and Data Estimation Methodology; Computer Programs: Other Computer Software
C890 - Data Collection and Data Estimation Methodology; Computer Programs: Other

C900 - Design of Experiments: General
C910 - Design of Experiments: Laboratory, Individual
C920 - Design of Experiments: Laboratory, Group Behavior
C930 - Field Experiments
C990 - Design of Experiments: Other

D000 - Microeconomics: General
D010 - Microeconomic Behavior: Underlying Principles
D020 - Institutions: Design, Formation, and Operations
D030 - Behavioral Economics: Underlying Principles
D040 - Microeconomic Policy: Formulation; Implementation; Evaluation

D100 - Household Behavior: General
D110 - Consumer Economics: Theory
D120 - Consumer Economics: Empirical Analysis
D130 - Household Production and Intrahousehold Allocation
D140 - Personal Finance
D180 - Consumer Protection
D190 - Household Behavior and Family Economics: Other

D200 - Production and Organizations: General
D210 - Firm Behavior: Theory
D220 - Firm Behavior: Empirical Analysis
D230 - Organizational Behavior; Transaction Costs; Property Rights
D240 - Production; Cost; Capital; Capital, Total Factor, and Multifactor Productivity; Capacity*
D290 - Production and Organizations: Other

D300 - Distribution: General
D310 - Personal Income, Wealth, and Their Distributions
D330 - Factor Income Distribution
D390 - Distribution: Other

D400 - Market Structure and Pricing: General
D410 - Market Structure and Pricing: Perfect Competition
D420 - Market Structure and Pricing: Monopoly
D430 - Market Structure and Pricing: Oligopoly and Other Forms of Market Imperfection
D440 - Auctions
D450 - Rationing; Licensing
D460 - Value Theory
D470 - Market Design*
D490 - Market Structure and Pricing: Other

D500 - General Equilibrium and Disequilibrium: General
D510 - Exchange and Production Economies
D520 - Incomplete Markets
D530 - General Equilibrium and Disequilibrium: Financial Markets
D570 - General Equilibrium and Disequilibrium: Input-Output Tables and Analysis
D580 - Computable and Other Applied General Equilibrium Models
D590 - General Equilibrium and Disequilibrium: Other

D600 - Welfare Economics: General
D610 - Allocative Efficiency; Cost-Benefit Analysis
D620 - Externalities
D630 - Equity, Justice, Inequality, and Other Normative Criteria and Measurement
D640 - Altruism; Philanthropy*
D690 - Welfare Economics: Other

D700 - Analysis of Collective Decision-Making: General
D710 - Social Choice; Clubs; Committees; Associations
D720 - Political Processes: Rent-seeking, Lobbying, Elections, Legislatures, and Voting Behavior
D730 - Bureaucracy; Administrative Processes in Public Organizations; Corruption
D740 - Conflict; Conflict Resolution; Alliances
D780 - Positive Analysis of Policy-Making and Implementation
D790 - Analysis of Collective Decision-Making: Other

D800 - Information, Knowledge, and Uncertainty: General
D810 - Criteria for Decision-Making under Risk and Uncertainty
D820 - Asymmetric and Private Information; Mechanism Design*
D830 - Search; Learning; Information and Knowledge; Communication; Belief
D840 - Expectations; Speculations
D850 - Network Formation and Analysis: Theory
D860 - Economics of Contract: Theory
D870 - Neuroeconomics
D890 - Information and Uncertainty: Other

D900 - Intertemporal Choice and Growth: General
D910 - Intertemporal Consumer Choice; Life Cycle Models and Saving
D920 - Intertemporal Firm Choice and Growth, Financing, Investment, and Capacity
D990 - Intertemporal Choice and Growth: Other

E000 - Macroeconomics and Monetary Economics: General
E010 - Measurement and Data on National Income and Product Accounts and Wealth; Environmental Accounts
E020 - Institutions and the Macroeconomy

E100 - General Aggregative Models: General
E110 - General Aggregative Models: Marxian; Sraffian; Institutional; Evolutionary
E120 - General Aggregative Models: Keynes; Keynesian; Post-Keynesian
E130 - General Aggregative Models: Neoclassical
E160 - General Aggregative Models: Social Accounting Matrix*
E170 - General Aggregative Models: Forecasting and Simulation: Models and Applications
E190 - General Aggregative Models: Other

E200 - Macroeconomics: Consumption, Saving, Production, Employment, and Investment: General (includes Measurement and Data)
E210 - Macroeconomics: Consumption; Saving; Wealth
E220 - Capital; Investment; Capacity
E230 - Macroeconomics: Production
E240 - Employment; Unemployment; Wages; Intergenerational Income Distribution; Aggregate Human Capital
E250 - Aggregate Factor Income Distribution
E260 - Informal Economy; Underground Economy
E270 - Macroeconomics: Consumption, Saving, Production, Employment, and Investment: Forecasting and Simulation: Models and Applications
E290 - Macroeconomics: Consumption, Saving, Production, Employment and Investment: Other

E300 - Prices, Business Fluctuations, and Cycles: General (includes Measurement and Data)
E310 - Price Level; Inflation; Deflation
E320 - Business Fluctuations; Cycles
E370 - Prices, Business Fluctuations, and Cycles: Forecasting and Simulation: Models and Applications
E390 - Prices, Business Fluctuations, and Cycles: Other

E400 - Money and Interest Rates: General
E410 - Demand for Money
E420 - Monetary Systems; Standards; Regimes; Government and the Monetary System; Payment Systems
E430 - Interest Rates: Determination, Term Structure, and Effects
E440 - Financial Markets and the Macroeconomy
E470 - Money and Interest Rates: Forecasting and Simulation: Models and Applications
E490 - Money and Interest Rates: Other

E500 - Monetary Policy, Central Banking, and the Supply of Money and Credit: General
E510 - Money Supply; Credit; Money Multipliers
E520 - Monetary Policy
E580 - Central Banks and Their Policies
E590 - Monetary Policy, Central Banking, and the Supply of Money and Credit: Other

E600 - Macroeconomic Policy, Macroeconomic Aspects of Public Finance, and General Outlook: General
E610 - Policy Objectives; Policy Designs and Consistency; Policy Coordination
E620 - Fiscal Policy
E630 - Comparative or Joint Analysis of Fiscal and Monetary Policy; Stabilization; Treasury Policy
E640 - Incomes Policy; Price Policy
E650 - Studies of Particular Policy Episodes
E660 - General Outlook and Conditions
E690 - Macroeconomic Policy, Macroeconomic Aspects of Public Finance, and General Outlook: Other

F000 - International Economics: General
F010 - Global Outlook
F020 - International Economic Order

F100 - Trade: General
F110 - Neoclassical Models of Trade
F120 - Models of Trade with Imperfect Competition and Scale Economies
F130 - Trade Policy; International Trade Organizations
F140 - Empirical Studies of Trade*
F150 - Economic Integration
F160 - Trade and Labor Market Interactions
F170 - Trade: Forecasting and Simulation
F180 - Trade and Environment
F190 - Trade: Other

F200 - International Factor Movements and International Business: General
F210 - International Investment; Long-term Capital Movements
F220 - International Migration
F230 - Multinational Firms; International Business
F240 - Remittances
F290 - International Factor Movements: Other

F300 - International Finance: General
F310 - Foreign Exchange
F320 - Current Account Adjustment; Short-term Capital Movements
F330 - International Monetary Arrangements and Institutions
F340 - International Lending and Debt Problems
F350 - Foreign Aid
F360 - Financial Aspects of Economic Integration
F370 - International Finance Forecasting and Simulation: Models and Applications
F390 - International Finance: Other

F400 - Macroeconomic Aspects of International Trade and Finance: General
F410 - Open Economy Macroeconomics
F420 - International Policy Coordination and Transmission
F430 - Economic Growth of Open Economies
F440 - International Business Cycles
F470 - Macroeconomic Aspects of International Trade and Finance: Forecasting and Simulation: Models and Applications
F490 - Macroeconomic Aspects of International Trade and Finance: Other

F500 - International Relations and International Political Economy: General
F510 - International Conflicts; Negotiations; Sanctions
F520 - National Security; Economic Nationalism
F530 - International Agreements and Observance; International Organizations
F540 - Colonialism; Imperialism; Postcolonialism
F550 - International Institutional Arrangements
F590 - International Relations and International Political Economy: Other

F600 - Globalization: General
F610 - Globalization: Microeconomic Impacts
F620 - Globalization: Macroeconomic Impacts
F630 - Globalization: Economic Development
F640 - Globalization: Environment
F650 - Globalization: Finance
F660 - Globalization: Labor
F680 - Globalization: Policy
F690 - Globalization: Other

G000 - Financial Economics: General
G010 - Financial Crises
G020 - Behavioral Finance: Underlying Principles

G100 - General Financial Markets: General (includes Measurement and Data)
G110 - Portfolio Choice; Investment Decisions
G120 - Asset Pricing; Trading volume; Bond Interest Rates
G130 - Contingent Pricing; Futures Pricing; option pricing
G140 - Information and Market Efficiency; Event Studies
G150 - International Financial Markets
G170 - Financial Forecasting and Simulation
G180 - General Financial Markets: Government Policy and Regulation
G190 - General Financial Markets: Other

G200 - Financial Institutions and Services: General
G210 - Banks; Depository Institutions; Micro Finance Institutions; Mortgages*
G220 - Insurance; Insurance Companies
G230 - Pension Funds; Non-bank Financial Institutions; Financial Instruments; Institutional Investors*
G240 - Investment Banking; Venture Capital; Brokerage; Ratings and Ratings Agencies
G280 - Financial Institutions and Services: Government Policy and Regulation
G290 - Financial Institutions and Services: Other

G300 - Corporate Finance and Governance: General
G310 - Capital Budgeting; Fixed Investment and Inventory Studies; Capacity
G320 - Financing Policy; Financial Risk and Risk Management; Capital and Ownership Structure; Value of Firms; Goodwill*
G330 - Bankruptcy; Liquidation
G340 - Mergers; Acquisitions; Restructuring; Voting; Proxy Contests; Corporate Governance
G350 - Payout Policy
G380 - Corporate Finance and Governance: Government Policy and Regulation
G390 - Corporate Finance and Governance: Other

H000 - Public Economics: General

H100 - Structure and Scope of Government: General
H110 - Structure, Scope, and Performance of Government
H120 - Crisis Management
H190 - Structure and Scope of Government: Other

H200 - Taxation, Subsidies, and Revenue: General
H210 - Taxation and Subsidies: Efficiency; Optimal Taxation
H220 - Taxation and Subsidies: Incidence
H230 - Taxation and Subsidies: Externalities; Redistributive Effects; Environmental Taxes and Subsidies
H240 - Personal Income and Other Nonbusiness Taxes and Subsidies; includes inheritance and gift taxes
H250 - Business Taxes and Subsidies including sales and value-added (VAT)
H260 - Tax Evasion
H270 - Taxation, Subsidies, and Revenues: Other Sources of Revenue
H290 - Taxation and Subsidies: Other

H300 - Fiscal Policies and Behavior of Economic Agents: General
H310 - Fiscal Policies and Behavior of Economic Agents: Household
H320 - Fiscal Policies and Behavior of Economic Agents: Firm
H390 - Fiscal Policies and Behavior of Economic Agents: Other

H400 - Publicly Provided Goods: General
H410 - Public Goods
H420 - Publicly Provided Private Goods
H430 - Project Evaluation; Social Discount Rate
H440 - Publicly Provided Goods: Mixed Markets
H490 - Publicly Provided Goods: Other

H500 - National Government Expenditures and Related Policies: General
H510 - National Government Expenditures and Health
H520 - National Government Expenditures and Education
H530 - National Government Expenditures and Welfare Programs
H540 - National Government Expenditures and Related Policies: Infrastructures; Other Public Investment and Capital Stock
H550 - Social Security and Public Pensions
H560 - National Security and War
H570 - National Government Expenditures and Related Policies: Procurement
H590 - National Government Expenditures and Related Policies: Other

H600 - National Budget, Deficit, and Debt: General
H610 - National Budget; Budget Systems
H620 - National Deficit; Surplus
H630 - National Debt; Debt Management; Sovereign Debt
H680 - Forecasts of Budgets, Deficits, and Debt
H690 - National Budget, Deficit, and Debt: Other

H700 - State and Local Government; Intergovernmental Relations: General
H710 - State and Local Taxation, Subsidies, and Revenue
H720 - State and Local Budget and Expenditures
H730 - State and Local Government; Intergovernmental Relations: Interjurisdictional Differentials and Their Effects
H740 - State and Local Borrowing
H750 - State and Local Government: Health; Education; Welfare; Public Pensions
H760 - State and Local Government: Other Expenditure Categories
H770 - Intergovernmental Relations; Federalism; Secession
H790 - State and Local Government; Intergovernmental Relations: Other

H800 - Public Economics: Miscellaneous Issues: General
H810 - Governmental Loans; Loan Guarantees; Credits; Grants; Bailouts
H820 - Governmental Property
H830 - Public Administration; Public Sector Accounting and Audits
H840 - Disaster Aid
H870 - International Fiscal Issues; International Public Goods
H890 - Public Economics: Miscellaneous Issues: Other

I000 - Health, Education, and Welfare: General

I100 - Health: General
I110 - Analysis of Health Care Markets
I120 - Health Production
I130 - Health Insurance, Public and Private
I140 - Health and Inequality
I150 - Health and Economic Development
I180 - Health: Government Policy; Regulation; Public Health
I190 - Health: Other

I200 - Education and Research Institutions: General
I210 - Analysis of Education
I220 - Educational Finance
I230 - Higher Education and Research Institutions
I240 - Education and Inequality
I250 - Education and Economic Development
I280 - Education: Government Policy
I290 - Education: Other

I300 - Welfare and Poverty: General
I310 - General Welfare
I320 - Measurement and Analysis of Poverty
I380 - Welfare and Poverty: Government Programs; Provision and Effects of Welfare Programs
I390 - Welfare and Poverty: Other

J000 - Labor and Demographic Economics: General
J010 - Labor Economics: General
J080 - Labor Economics Policies

J100 - Demographic Economics: General
J110 - Demographic Trends, Macroeconomic Effects, and Forecasts
J120 - Marriage; Marital Dissolution; Family Structure; Domestic Abuse
J130 - Fertility; Family Planning; Child Care; Children; Youth
J140 - Economics of the Elderly; Economics of the Handicapped; Non-labor Market Discrimination
J150 - Economics of Minorities, Races, and Immigrants; Non-labor Discrimination
J160 - Economics of Gender; Non-labor Discrimination
J170 - Value of Life; Forgone Income
J180 - Demographic Economics: Public Policy
J190 - Demographic Economics: Other

J200 - Demand and Supply of Labor: General
J210 - Labor Force and Employment, Size, and Structure
J220 - Time Allocation and Labor Supply
J230 - Labor Demand
J240 - Human Capital; Skills; Occupational Choice; Labor Productivity
J260 - Retirement; Retirement Policies
J280 - Safety; Job Satisfaction; Related Public Policy
J290 - Time Allocation, Work Behavior, and Employment Determination: Other

J300 - Wages, Compensation, and Labor Costs: General
J310 - Wage Level and Structure; Wage Differentials
J320 - Nonwage Labor Costs and Benefits; Private Pensions
J330 - Compensation Packages; Payment Methods
J380 - Wages, Compensation, and Labor Costs: Public Policy
J390 - Wages, Compensation, and Labor Costs: Other

J400 - Particular Labor Markets: General
J410 - Labor Contracts
J420 - Monopsony; Segmented Labor Markets
J430 - Agricultural Labor Markets
J440 - Professional Labor Markets; Occupational Licensing
J450 - Public Sector Labor Markets
J470 - Coercive Labor Markets
J480 - Particular Labor Markets: Public Policy
J490 - Particular Labor Markets: Other

J500 - Labor-Management Relations, Trade Unions, and Collective Bargaining: General
J510 - Trade Unions: Objectives, Structure, and Effects
J520 - Dispute Resolution: Strikes, Arbitration, and Mediation; Collective Bargaining
J530 - Labor-Management Relations; Industrial Jurisprudence
J540 - Producer Cooperatives; Labor Managed Firms; Employee Ownership
J580 - Labor-Management Relations, Trade Unions, and Collective Bargaining: Public Policy
J590 - Labor-Management Relations, Trade Unions, and Collective Bargaining: Other

J600 - Mobility, Unemployment, and Vacancies: General
J610 - Geographic Labor Mobility; Immigrant Workers
J620 - Job, Occupational, and Intergenerational Mobility; Promotion
J630 - Labor Turnover; Vacancies; Layoffs
J640 - Unemployment: Models, Duration, Incidence, and Job Search
J650 - Unemployment Insurance; Severance Pay; Plant Closings
J680 - Mobility, Unemployment, and Vacancies: Public Policy
J690 - Mobility, Unemployment, and Vacancies: Other

J700 - Labor Discrimination: General
J710 - Labor Discrimination
J780 - Labor Discrimination: Public Policy
J790 - Labor Discrimination: Other

J800 - Labor Standards: General
J810 - Labor Standards: Working Conditions
J820 - Labor Standards: Labor Force Composition
J830 - Labor Standards: Workers' Rights
J880 - Labor Standards: Public Policy
J890 - Labor Standards: Other

K000 - Law and Economics: General

K100 - Basic Areas of Law: General (Constitutional Law)
K110 - Property Law
K120 - Contract Law
K130 - Tort Law and Product Liability
K140 - Criminal Law
K190 - Basic Areas of Law: Other

K200 - Regulation and Business Law: General
K210 - Antitrust Law
K220 - Business and Securities Law*
K230 - Regulated Industries and Administrative Law
K290 - Regulation and Business Law: Other

K300 - Other Substantive Areas of Law: General
K310 - Labor Law
K320 - Environmental, Health, and Safety Law
K330 - International Law
K340 - Tax Law
K350 - Personal Bankruptcy Law
K360 - Family and Personal Law
K370 - Immigration Law*
K390 - Other Substantive Areas of Law: Other

K400 - Legal Procedure, the Legal System, and Illegal Behavior: General
K410 - Litigation Process
K420 - Illegal Behavior and the Enforcement of Law
K490 - Legal Procedure, the Legal System, and Illegal Behavior: Other

L000 - Industrial Organization: General

L100 - Market Structure, Firm Strategy, and Market Performance: General
L110 - Production, Pricing, and Market Structure; Size Distribution of Firms
L120 - Monopoly; Monopolization Strategies
L130 - Oligopoly and Other Imperfect Markets
L140 - Transactional Relationships; Contracts and Reputation; Networks
L150 - Information and Product Quality; Standardization and Compatibility
L160 - Industrial Organization and Macroeconomics: Industrial Structure and Structural Change; Industrial Price Indices
L170 - Open Source Products and Markets
L190 - Market Structure, Firm Strategy, and Market Performance: Other

L200 - Firm Objectives, Organization, and Behavior: General
L210 - Business Objectives of the Firm
L220 - Firm Organization and Market Structure
L230 - Organization of Production
L240 - Contracting Out; Joint Ventures; Technology Licensing
L250 - Firm Performance: Size, Diversification, and Scope
L260 - Entrepreneurship
L290 - Firm Objectives, Organization, and Behavior: Other

L300 - Nonprofit Organizations and Public Enterprise: General
L310 - Nonprofit Institutions; NGOs
L320 - Public Enterprises; Public-Private Enterprises
L330 - Comparison of Public and Private Enterprises and Nonprofit Institutions; Privatization; Contracting Out
L380 - Public Policy
L390 - Nonprofit Organizations and Public Enterprise: Other

L400 - Antitrust Issues and Policies: General
L410 - Monopolization; Horizontal Anticompetitive Practices
L420 - Vertical Restraints; Resale Price Maintenance; Quantity Discounts
L430 - Legal Monopolies and Regulation or Deregulation
L440 - Antitrust Policy and Public Enterprises, Nonprofit Institutions, and Professional Organizations
L490 - Antitrust Policy: Other

L500 - Regulation and Industrial Policy: General
L510 - Economics of Regulation
L520 - Industrial Policy; Sectoral Planning Methods
L530 - Enterprise Policy
L590 - Regulation and Industrial Policy: Other

L600 - Industry Studies: Manufacturing: General
L610 - Metals and Metal Products; Cement; Glass; Ceramics
L620 - Automobiles; Other Transportation Equipment
L630 - Microelectronics; Computers; Communications Equipment
L640 - Other Machinery; Business Equipment; Armaments
L650 - Chemicals; Rubber; Drugs; Biotechnology
L660 - Food; Beverages; Cosmetics; Tobacco; Wine and Spirits
L670 - Other Consumer Nondurables
L680 - Appliances; Other Consumer Durables
L690 - Industry Studies: Manufacturing: Other

L700 - Industry Studies: Primary Products and Construction: General
L710 - Mining, Extraction, and Refining: Hydrocarbon Fuels
L720 - Mining, Extraction, and Refining: Other Nonrenewable Resources
L730 - Forest Products
L740 - Construction
L780 - Industry Studies: Primary Products and Construction: Government Policy
L790 - Industry Studies: Primary Products and Construction: Other

L800 - Industry Studies: Services: General
L810 - Retail and Wholesale Trade; e-Commerce
L820 - Entertainment; Media
L830 - Sports; Gambling; Recreation; Tourism
L840 - Personal, Professional, and Business Services
L850 - Real Estate Services
L860 - Information and Internet Services; Computer Software
L870 - Postal and Delivery Services
L880 - Industry Studies: Services: Government Policy
L890 - Industry Studies: Services: Other

L900 - Industry Studies: Transportation and Utilities: General
L910 - Transportation: General
L920 - Railroads and Other Surface Transportation
L930 - Air Transportation
L940 - Electric Utilities
L950 - Gas Utilities; Pipelines; Water Utilities
L960 - Telecommunications
L970 - Utilities: General
L980 - Industry Studies: Utilities and Transportation: Government Policy
L990 - Industry Studies: Utilities and Transportation: Other

M000 - Business Administration and Business Economics; Marketing; Accounting: General

M100 - Business Administration: General
M110 - Production Management
M120 - Personnel Management; Executive Compensation
M130 - New Firms; Startups
M140 - Corporate Culture; Social Responsibility
M150 - IT Management
M160 - International Business Administration
M190 - Business Administration: Other

M200 - Business Economics: General
M210 - Business Economics
M290 - Business Economics: Other

M300 - Marketing and Advertising: General
M310 - Marketing
M370 - Advertising
M380 - Marketing and Advertising: Government Policy and Regulation
M390 - Marketing and Advertising: Other

M400 - Accounting and Auditing: General
M410 - Accounting
M420 - Auditing
M480 - Accounting and Auditing: Government Policy and Regulation
M490 - Accounting: Other

M500 - Personnel Economics: General
M510 - Personnel Economics: Firm Employment Decisions; Promotions
M520 - Personnel Economics: Compensation and Compensation Methods and Their Effects
M530 - Personnel Economics: Training
M540 - Personnel Economics: Labor Management
M550 - Personnel Economics: Labor Contracting Devices
M590 - Personnel Economics: Other

N000 - Economic History: General
N010 - Development of the Discipline: Historiographical; Sources and Methods

N100 - Economic History: Macroeconomics and Monetary Economics; Industrial Structure; Growth; Fluctuations: General, International, or Comparative
N110 - Economic History: Macroeconomics and Monetary Economics; Industrial Structure; Growth; Fluctuations: U.S.; Canada: Pre-1913
N120 - Economic History: Macroeconomics and Monetary Economics; Industrial Structure; Growth; Fluctuations: U.S.; Canada: 1913-
N130 - Economic History: Macroeconomics and Monetary Economics; Industrial Structure; Growth; Fluctuations: Europe: Pre-1913
N140 - Economic History: Macroeconomics and Monetary Economics; Industrial Structure; Growth; Fluctuations: Europe: 1913-
N150 - Economic History: Macroeconomics and Monetary Economics; Industrial Structure; Growth; Fluctuations: Asia including Middle East
N160 - Economic History: Macroeconomics and Monetary Economics; Industrial Structure; Growth; Fluctuations: Latin America; Caribbean
N170 - Economic History: Macroeconomics and Monetary Economics; Industrial Structure; Growth; Fluctuations: Africa; Oceania

N200 - Economic History: Financial Markets and Institutions: General, International, or Comparative
N210 - Economic History: Financial Markets and Institutions: U.S.; Canada: Pre-1913
N220 - Economic History: Financial Markets and Institutions: U.S.; Canada: 1913-
N230 - Economic History: Financial Markets and Institutions: Europe: Pre-1913
N240 - Economic History: Financial Markets and Institutions: Europe: 1913-
N250 - Economic History: Financial Markets and Institutions: Asia including Middle East
N260 - Economic History: Financial Markets and Institutions: Latin America; Caribbean
N270 - Economic History: Financial Markets and Institutions: Africa; Oceania

N300 - Economic History: Labor and Consumers, Demography, Education, Health, Welfare, Income, Wealth, Religion, and Philanthropy: General, International, or Comparative
N310 - Economic History: Labor and Consumers, Demography, Education, Health, Welfare, Income, Wealth, Religion, and Philanthropy: U.S.; Canada: Pre-1913
N320 - Economic History: Labor and Consumers, Demography, Education, Health, Welfare, Income, Wealth, Religion, and Philanthropy: U.S.; Canada: 1913-
N330 - Economic History: Labor and Consumers, Demography, Education, Health, Welfare, Income, Wealth, Religion, and Philanthropy: Europe: Pre-1913
N340 - Economic History: Labor and Consumers, Demography, Education, Health, Welfare, Income, Wealth, Religion, and Philanthropy: Europe: 1913-
N350 - Economic History: Labor and Consumers, Demography, Education, Health, Welfare, Income, Wealth, Religion, and Philanthropy: Asia including Middle East
N360 - Economic History: Labor and Consumers, Demography, Education, Health, Welfare, Income, Wealth, Religion, and Philanthropy: Latin America; Caribbean
N370 - Economic History: Labor and Consumers, Demography, Education, Health, Welfare, Income, Wealth, Religion, and Philanthropy: Africa; Oceania

N400 - Economic History: Government, War, Law, International Relations, and Regulation: General, International, or Comparative
N410 - Economic History: Government, War, Law, International Relations, and Regulation: U.S.; Canada: Pre-1913
N420 - Economic History: Government, War, Law, International Relations, and Regulation: U.S.; Canada: 1913-
N430 - Economic History: Government, War, Law, International Relations, and Regulation: Europe: Pre-1913
N440 - Economic History: Government, War, Law, International Relations, and Regulation: Europe: 1913-
N450 - Economic History: Government, War, Law, International Relations, and Regulation: Asia including Middle East
N460 - Economic History: Government, War, Law, International Relations, and Regulation: Latin America; Caribbean
N470 - Economic History: Government, War, Law, International Relations, and Regulation: Africa; Oceania

N500 - Economic History: Agriculture, Natural Resources, Environment, and Extractive Industries: General, International, or Comparative
N510 - Economic History: Agriculture, Natural Resources, Environment, and Extractive Industries: U.S.; Canada: Pre-1913
N520 - Economic History: Agriculture, Natural Resources, Environment, and Extractive Industries: U.S.; Canada: 1913-
N530 - Economic History: Agriculture, Natural Resources, Environment, and Extractive Industries: Europe: Pre-1913
N540 - Economic History: Agriculture, Natural Resources, Environment, and Extractive Industries: Europe: 1913-
N550 - Economic History: Agriculture, Natural Resources, Environment, and Extractive Industries: Asia including Middle East
N560 - Economic History: Agriculture, Natural Resources, Environment, and Extractive Industries: Latin America; Caribbean
N570 - Economic History: Agriculture, Natural Resources, Environment, and Extractive Industries: Africa; Oceania

N600 - Economic History: Manufacturing and Construction: General, International, or Comparative
N610 - Economic History: Manufacturing and Construction: U.S.; Canada: Pre-1913
N620 - Economic History: Manufacturing and Construction: U.S.; Canada: 1913-
N630 - Economic History: Manufacturing and Construction: Europe: Pre-1913
N640 - Economic History: Manufacturing and Construction: Europe: 1913-
N650 - Economic History: Manufacturing and Construction: Asia including Middle East
N660 - Economic History: Manufacturing and Construction: Latin America; Caribbean
N670 - Economic History: Manufacturing and Construction: Africa; Oceania

N700 - Economic History: Transport, International and Domestic Trade, Energy, Technology, and Other Services: General, International, or Comparative
N710 - Economic History: Transport, Trade, Energy, Technology, and Other Services: U.S.; Canada: Pre-1913
N720 - Economic History: Transport, Trade, Energy, Technology, and Other Services: U.S.; Canada: 1913-
N730 - Economic History: Transport, Trade, Energy, Technology, and Other Services: Europe: Pre-1913
N740 - Economic History: Transport, Trade, Energy, Technology, and Other Services: Europe: 1913-
N750 - Economic History: Transport, Trade, Energy, Technology, and Other Services: Asia including Middle East
N760 - Economic History: Transport, Trade, Energy, Technology, and Other Services: Latin America; Caribbean
N770 - Economic History: Transport, Trade, Energy, Technology, and Other Services: Africa; Oceania

N800 - Micro-Business History: General, International, or Comparative
N810 - Micro-Business History: U.S.; Canada: Pre-1913
N820 - Micro-Business History: U.S.; Canada: 1913-
N830 - Micro-Business History: Europe: Pre-1913
N840 - Micro-Business History: Europe: 1913-
N850 - Micro-Business History: Asia including Middle East
N860 - Micro-Business History: Latin America; Caribbean
N870 - Micro-Business History: Africa; Oceania

N900 - Regional and Urban History: General
N910 - Regional and Urban History: U.S.; Canada: Pre-1913
N920 - Regional and Urban History: U.S.; Canada: 1913-
N930 - Regional and Urban History: Europe: Pre-1913
N940 - Regional and Urban History: Europe: 1913-
N950 - Regional and Urban History: Asia including Middle East
N960 - Regional and Urban History: Latin America; Caribbean
N970 - Regional and Urban History: Africa; Oceania

O000 - Economic Development, Technological Change, and Growth

O100 - Economic Development: General
O110 - Macroeconomic Analyses of Economic Development
O120 - Microeconomic Analyses of Economic Development
O130 - Economic Development: Agriculture; Natural Resources; Energy; Environment; Other Primary Products
O140 - Industrialization; Manufacturing and Service Industries; Choice of Technology
O150 - Economic Development: Human Resources; Human Development; Income Distribution; Migration
O160 - Economic Development: Financial Markets; Saving and Capital Investment; Corporate Finance and Governance
O170 - Formal and Informal Sectors; Shadow Economy; Institutional Arrangements
O180 - Economic Development: Urban, Rural, Regional, and Transportation Analysis; Housing; Infrastructure
O190 - International Linkages to Development; Role of International Organizations

O200 - Development Planning and Policy: General
O210 - Planning Models; Planning Policy
O220 - Project Analysis
O230 - Fiscal and Monetary Policy in Development
O240 - Development Planning and Policy: Trade Policy; Factor Movement; Foreign Exchange Policy
O250 - Industrial Policy
O290 - Development Planning and Policy: Other

O300 - Technological Change; Research and Development; Intellectual Property Rights: General
O310 - Innovation and Invention: Processes and Incentives
O320 - Management of Technological Innovation and R&D
O330 - Technological Change: Choices and Consequences; Diffusion Processes
O340 - Intellectual Property Rights
O380 - Technological Change: Government Policy
O390 - Technological Change: Other

O400 - Economic Growth and Aggregate Productivity: General
O410 - One, Two, and Multisector Growth Models
O420 - Monetary Growth Models
O430 - Institutions and Growth
O440 - Environment and Growth
O470 - Measurement of Economic Growth; Aggregate Productivity; Cross-Country Output Convergence
O490 - Economic Growth and Aggregate Productivity: Other

O500 - Economywide Country Studies: General
O510 - Economywide Country Studies: U.S.; Canada
O520 - Economywide Country Studies: Europe
O530 - Economywide Country Studies: Asia including Middle East
O540 - Economywide Country Studies: Latin America; Caribbean
O550 - Economywide Country Studies: Africa
O560 - Economywide Country Studies: Oceania
O570 - Comparative Studies of Countries

P000 - Economic Systems: General

P100 - Capitalist Systems: General
P110 - Capitalist Systems: Planning, Coordination, and Reform
P120 - Capitalist Enterprises
P130 - Cooperative Enterprises
P140 - Capitalist Systems: Property Rights
P160 - Capitalist Systems: Political Economy
P170 - Capitalist Systems: Performance and Prospects
P190 - Capitalist Systems: Other

P200 - Socialist Systems and Transitional Economies: General
P210 - Socialist Systems and Transitional Economies: Planning, Coordination, and Reform
P220 - Socialist Systems and Transitional Economies: Prices
P230 - Socialist Systems and Transitional Economies: Factor and Product Markets; Industry Studies; Population
P240 - Socialist Systems and Transitional Economies: National Income, Product, and Expenditure; Money; Inflation
P250 - Socialist Systems and Transitional Economies: Urban, Rural, and Regional Economics
P260 - Socialist Systems and Transitional Economies: Political Economy; Property Rights
P270 - Socialist Systems and Transitional Economies: Performance and Prospects
P280 - Socialist Systems and Transitional Economies: Natural Resources; Energy; Environment
P290 - Socialist Systems and Transitional Economies: Other

P300 - Socialist Institutions and Their Transitions: General
P310 - Socialist Enterprises and Their Transitions
P320 - Collectives; Communes; Agriculture
P330 - Socialist Institutions and Their Transitions: International Trade, Finance, Investment, Business, and Aid*
P340 - Socialist Institutions and Their Transitions: Financial Economics
P350 - Socialist Institutions and Their Transitions: Public Economics
P360 - Socialist Institutions and Their Transitions: Consumer Economics; Health; Education and Training: Welfare, Income, Wealth, and Poverty
P370 - Socialist Systems and Transitional Economies: Legal Institutions; Illegal Behavior
P390 - Socialist Institutions and Their Transitions: Other

P400 - Other Economic Systems: General
P410 - Other Economic Systems: Planning, Coordination, and Reform
P420 - Other Economic Systems: Productive Enterprises; Factor and Product Markets; Prices; Population
P430 - Other Economic Systems: Public Economics; Financial Economics
P440 - Other Economic Systems: National Income, Product, and Expenditure; Money; Inflation
P450 - Other Economic Systems: International Trade, Finance, Investment and Aid
P460 - Other Economic Systems: Consumer Economics; Health; Education and Training; Welfare, Income, Wealth, and Poverty
P470 - Other Economic Systems: Performance and Prospects
P480 - Other Economic Systems: Political Economy; Legal Institutions; Property Rights; Natural Resources; Energy; Environment; Regional Studies
P490 - Other Economic Systems: Other

P500 - Comparative Economic Systems: General
P510 - Comparative Analysis of Economic Systems
P520 - Comparative Studies of Particular Economies
P590 - Comparative Economic Systems: Other

Q000 - Agricultural and Natural Resource Economics; Environmental and Ecological Economics: General
Q010 - Sustainable Development
Q020 - Global Commodity Crises

Q100 - Agriculture: General
Q110 - Agriculture: Aggregate Supply and Demand Analysis; Prices
Q120 - Micro Analysis of Farm Firms, Farm Households, and Farm Input Markets
Q130 - Agricultural Markets and Marketing; Cooperatives; Agribusiness
Q140 - Agricultural Finance
Q150 - Land Ownership and Tenure; Land Reform; Land Use; Irrigation; Agriculture and Environment
Q160 - Agricultural R&D; Agricultural Technology; Biofuels; Agricultural Extension Services
Q170 - Agriculture in International Trade
Q180 - Agricultural Policy; Food Policy
Q190 - Agriculture: Other

Q200 - Renewable Resources and Conservation: General
Q210 - Renewable Resources and Conservation: Demand and Supply (the Commons)
Q220 - Renewable Resources and Conservation: Fishery; Aquaculture
Q230 - Renewable Resources and Conservation: Forestry
Q240 - Renewable Resources and Conservation: Land
Q250 - Renewable Resources and Conservation: Water
Q260 - Recreational Aspects of Natural Resources
Q270 - Renewable Resources and Conservation: Issues in International Trade
Q280 - Renewable Resources and Conservation: Government Policy
Q290 - Renewable Resources and Conservation: Other

Q300 - Nonrenewable Resources and Conservation: General
Q310 - Nonrenewable Resources and Conservation: Demand and Supply
Q320 - Exhaustible Resources and Economic Development
Q330 - Resource Booms
Q340 - Natural Resources and Domestic and International Conflicts
Q370 - Nonrenewable Resources and Conservation: Issues in International Trade
Q380 - Nonrenewable Resources and Conservation: Government Policy
Q390 - Nonrenewable Resources and Conservation: Other

Q400 - Energy: General
Q410 - Energy: Demand and Supply
Q420 - Alternative Energy Sources
Q430 - Energy and the Macroeconomy
Q470 - Energy Forecasting
Q480 - Energy: Government Policy
Q490 - Energy: Other

Q500 - Environmental Economics: General
Q510 - Valuation of Environmental Effects
Q520 - Pollution Control Adoption Costs; Distributional Effects; Employment Effects
Q530 - Air Pollution; Water Pollution; Noise; Hazardous Waste; Solid Waste; Recycling
Q540 - Climate; Natural Disasters; Global Warming
Q550 - Environmental Economics: Technological Innovation
Q560 - Environment and Development; Environment and Trade; Sustainability; Environmental Accounts and Accounting; Environmental Equity; Population Growth
Q570 - Ecological Economics: Ecosystem Services; Biodiversity Conservation; Bioeconomics; Industrial Ecology
Q580 - Environmental Economics: Government Policy
Q590 - Environmental Economics: Other

R000 - Urban, Rural, Regional, Real Estate, and Transportation Economics: General

R100 - General Regional Economics (includes Regional Data)
R110 - Regional Economic Activity: Growth, Development, Environmental Issues, and Changes
R120 - Size and Spatial Distributions of Regional Economic Activity
R130 - General Equilibrium and Welfare Economic Analysis of Regional Economies
R140 - Land Use Patterns
R150 - General Regional Economics: Econometric and Input-Output Models; Other Models
R190 - General Regional Economics: Other

R200 - Urban, Rural, Regional, Real Estate, and Transportation Economics: Household Analysis: General
R210 - Urban, Rural, Regional, Real Estate, and Transportation Economics: Housing Demand
R220 - Urban, Rural, Regional, Real Estate, and Transportation Economics: Other Demand
R230 - Urban, Rural, Regional, Real Estate, and Transportation Economics: Regional Migration; Regional Labor Markets; Population; Neighborhood Characteristics
R280 - Urban, Rural, Regional, Real Estate, and Transportation Economics: Government Policy
R290 - Urban, Rural, Regional, Real Estate, and Transportation Economics: Household Analysis: Other

R300 - Real Estate Markets, Production Analysis, and Firm Location: General
R310 - Housing Supply and Markets
R320 - Other Production and Pricing Analysis
R330 - Nonagricultural and Nonresidential Real Estate Markets
R340 - Production Analysis and Firm Location: Input Demand Analysis
R380 - Production Analysis and Firm Location: Government Policy; Regulatory Policy
R390 - Real Estate Markets, Production Analysis, and Firm Location: Other

R400 - Transportation Systems: General
R410 - Transportation: Demand, Supply, and Congestion; Safety and Accidents; Transportation Noise
R420 - Transportation Systems: Government and Private Investment Analysis; Road Maintenance, Transportation Planning
R480 - Transportation Systems: Government Pricing and Policy
R490 - Transportation Systems: Other

R500 - Regional Government Analysis: General
R510 - Finance in Urban and Rural Economies
R520 - Regional Government Analysis: Land Use and Other Regulations
R530 - Public Facility Location Analysis; Public Investment and Capital Stock
R580 - Regional Development Planning and Policy
R590 - Regional Government Analysis: Other

Y100 - Data: Tables and Charts

Y200 - Introductory Material

Y300 - Book Reviews (unclassified)

Y400 - Dissertations (unclassified)

Y500 - Further Reading (unclassified)

Y600 - Excerpt

Y700 - No Author General Discussions

Y800 - Related Disciplines

Y900 - Miscellaneous Categories: Other
Y910 - Pictures and Maps

Z000 - Other Special Topics: General

Z100 - Cultural Economics; Economic Sociology; Economic Anthropology: General
Z110 - Cultural Economics: Economics of the Arts and Literature
Z120 - Cultural Economics: Religion
Z130 - Economic Sociology; Economic Anthropology; Social and Economic Stratification
Z180 - Cultural Economics: Public Policy
Z190 - Cultural Economics: Other