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American Economic Review: Vol. 101 No. 4 (June 2011)
AER Volume. 101, Issue 4 | 
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AER Forthcoming Articles
Strike Three: Discrimination, Incentives, and Evaluation
Article Citation
Parsons, Christopher A.,
Johan Sulaeman,
Michael C. Yates, and
Daniel S. Hamermesh. 2011. "Strike Three: Discrimination, Incentives, and Evaluation."
American Economic Review,
101(4): 1410-35.
DOI: 10.1257/aer.101.4.1410
DOI: 10.1257/aer.101.4.1410
Abstract
Major League Baseball umpires express their racial/ethnic preferences
when they evaluate pitchers. Strikes are called less often if the
umpire and pitcher do not match race/ethnicity, but mainly where
there is little scrutiny of umpires. Pitchers understand the incentives
and throw pitches that allow umpires less subjective judgment (e.g.,
fastballs over home plate) when they anticipate bias. These direct
and indirect effects bias performance measures of minorities downward.
The results suggest how discrimination alters discriminated
groups' behavior generally. They imply that biases in measured productivity
must be accounted for in generating measures of wage discrimination.
(JEL J15, J31, J44, J71, L83)
Article Full-Text Access
Full-text Article
Additional Materials
Download Data Set (60.33 MB) | Online Appendix (169.86 KB)
Authors
Parsons, Christopher A. (U NC)
Sulaeman, Johan (Southern Methodist U)
Yates, Michael C. (Auburn U)
Hamermesh, Daniel S. (U TX and Maastricht U)
Sulaeman, Johan (Southern Methodist U)
Yates, Michael C. (Auburn U)
Hamermesh, Daniel S. (U TX and Maastricht U)
JEL Classifications
J15: Economics of Minorities and Races; Non-labor Discrimination
J31: Wage Level and Structure; Wage Differentials
J44: Professional Labor Markets; Occupational Licensing
J71: Labor Discrimination
L83: Sports; Gambling; Recreation; Tourism
J31: Wage Level and Structure; Wage Differentials
J44: Professional Labor Markets; Occupational Licensing
J71: Labor Discrimination
L83: Sports; Gambling; Recreation; Tourism
