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American Economic Review: Vol. 95 No. 4 (September 2005)
AER Volume. 95, Issue 4 | 
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Incomplete Contracts and the Product Cycle
Article Citation
Antràs, Pol. 2005. "Incomplete Contracts and the Product Cycle."
The American Economic Review,
95(4): 1054-1073.
DOI: 10.1257/0002828054825600
DOI: 10.1257/0002828054825600
Abstract
I present a model in which the incomplete nature of contracts governing international transactions limits the extent to which the production process can be fragmented across borders. Because of contractual frictions, goods are initially manufactured in the same country where product development takes place. Only when the good becomes sufficiently standardized is the manufacturing stage of production shifted to a low-wage foreign location. Solving for the optimal organizational structure, I develop a new version of the product cycle hypothesis in which manufacturing is shifted abroad first within firm boundaries, and only at a later stage to independent foreign firms.
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Antràs, Pol
